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Urinary Systems #2 > Urolithiasis in Ruminants and Camelids (Carman) > Flashcards

Urolithiasis in Ruminants and Camelids (Carman) Flashcards

1
Q

(T/F) Ruminant urine is normally alkaline, due to their hay-based diet

A

True

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2
Q

___________ urine is a predisposing factor for precipitation of many different crystal types

A

Alkaline

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3
Q

Ruminants or camelids on high grain diet will have a urinary pH _______ than those on hay-only diets

A

Lower

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4
Q

(T/F) Since ruminants have an alkaline urine pH, trace or 1+ protein is considered to be positive using urine dipsticks

A

False, False positive

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5
Q

What are some of the drugs that can cause glucosuria un ruminants?

A

Alpha-2 agonists such as xylazine

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6
Q

List predisposing factors for the development of clinical urolithiasis in ruminants/camelids:

A
  • Male
  • Inappropriate Ca:P
    - should be 2:1
    - High phosphorus diet -> Grain
    - High calcium diet -> Alfalfa
  • Poor water management/ Weather
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7
Q

What helps male ruminants develop wider urethral diameter?

A

Testosterone influence (age)

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8
Q

What age range of animals is less likely to develop Ca carbonate type stone?

A

Young ruminants

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9
Q

(T/F) Female>Males ruminants have longer, narrower urethra

A

False

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10
Q

(T/F) Silicate & oxalate stones are common in Ohio

A

False

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11
Q

(T/F) In both males and females, they have a urethral diverticulum

A

True

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12
Q

In males, what are the two most common places where stones will get lodged and cause a problem?

A
  • Urethral Process
  • Distal Sigmoid flexure
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13
Q

What is the following describing?
- Blind Pouch
- Ischial arch
- Retrograde passage of the urinary catheter
- <50% success
- Ball-valve effect

A

Urethral diverticulum

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14
Q

What is the following describing?
- Extension of the urethra at the distal tip of the penis
- Narrowed diameter
- Young animals may adhere to the prepuce
- Amputation of process
- Often first step in tx
- no effect on breeding

A

Urethral process

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15
Q

What is the following describing?
- Site for retractor penis mm. insertion
- Tight turn, decreased diameter

A

Distal Sigmoid flexure

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16
Q

What are the two stones most commonly seen in Ohio?

A
  • Struvite
  • Calcium Carbonate
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17
Q

What is the following describing?
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate
- Conditions
- Diets high in P, low in Ca (low Ca:P)
- Alkaline urine
- “coffin lid” crystals
- gritty white-tan sand
- NOT radiopaque

A

Struvite

18
Q

What is the following describing?
- Formed preferentially with high calcium ingestion
- spherical
- RADIODENSE
- Survey radiographs help w/ tx plan
- CaCO3

A

Calcium Carbonate

19
Q

What is commonly mistaken for struvites?
- Can be problematic for treatment/prevention recommendation

A

Amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP)

20
Q

In relation to bloodwork diagnostics, what is going to give you the most information?

A

A chemistry
- +/- dehydration
- Azotemia
- Abnormal K
- decreased P
- decreased Na
- decreased Cl

21
Q

What are some values that you would most likely see in a Urobdomen?

A
  • increased PCV/TP
  • increased BUN & creatinine
  • increased K
22
Q

(T/F) Hyperkalemia is not an emergency

A

False

23
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
- NO direct effect on K+, but it is cardioprotective
- Calcium can counteract the bradycardia by shifting the membrane potential to be less negative, making it more excitable and easier to contract

A

Calcium gluconate

24
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
- Will encourage the pancreas to produce insulin in response to extra glucose
- Insulin will drive potassium into the cell through the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

IV dextrose

25
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
- Can be given, directly stimulating the action of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump and pumping K+ ions

A

Insulin

26
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
- Can affect K+ in two ways:
- increases blood pH, K+ moves into the cell via the H+/K+ exchanger so that pH neutrality can be maintained by adding an acid molecule to the system
- Increased blood pH facilitates K+ excretion in the urine

A

Sodium bicarbonate

27
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia:
- Will encourage renal potassium excretion in small amounts
- Dilution is the solution to pollution!

A

Diuresis

28
Q

Diagnostic - imaging
- about 85% of cases
- Assessment of bladder size, rupture

A

Ultrasound

29
Q

Diagnostic - imaging
- about 60% of cases
- Radio-opaque vs radiolucent stones

A

Plain radiography

30
Q

What are the treatment goals?

A
  1. Stabilize
  2. Allow for decompression of the bladder
  3. Diuresis/ waste removal
  4. Restore functionality to the urinary tract
31
Q

Regarding treatment options, what do we do in every case?

A

Urethral process amputation

32
Q

What treatment option will you consider for the following:
- Intact urethra, complete obstruction

A
  • Tube cystostomy
  • PU = perineal urethrostomy (inappropriate for breeding males)
  • Urethrotomy
33
Q

What treatment option will you consider for the following:
- Intact urethra, partial obstruction

A
  • Medical management
  • Tube cystostomy
  • PU
34
Q

What treatment option will you consider for the following:
- Urethral rupture

A
  • Tube cystostomy
  • PU
35
Q

Medical management
- Only works for dissolvable stones
- Ammonium chloride (can be a risk)

A

Urine Acidification

36
Q

Medical management
- Acepromazine
- Midazolam

A

Urethral relaxation

37
Q

(T/F) 80%-90% of these animals are still “blocked” after a urethral process amputation

A

True

38
Q

A ruminant on a high-grain diet will be predisposed to forming this type of stone

A

Struvite

39
Q

A ruminant on a diet of primarily alfalfa will be predisposed to this type of stone

A

Calcium carbonate

40
Q

This type of stone can easily be confused for struvite on a macroscopic level

A

Amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate

Urinary Systems #2 (9 decks)

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