Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Urology > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

(129 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Differential Diagnosis: Renal Mass

A 
Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Adrenal Pathology
Retroperitoneal Mass
Colon Mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reasons Serum Creatinine is a better indicator of renal function than Serum Urea

A

Less influenced by diet
More specific for renal function
Production rate relatively constant
State of hydration has little effect unless GFR affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Advantages: Ultrasonography

A 
Real-time
Accurate anatomical information
Non-invasive
Available
Safe
Mobile
First choice: children, babies
Distinguish solid vs cystic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Disadvantages: Ultrasonography

A 
Certain structures not visualised
Operator dependent
No renal function information
Equipment quality dependent
Limited in obesity
No scout image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Components: Cystoscope

A

Light source
Fibre-optic cable
Red lens system/ fibre-optic system
Sheath for irrigation fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Difference between rigid and flexible cystoscope

A

Rigid: Red Lens System
Flexible: Fibre Optic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Procedures that can be done by cystoscopy

A

Biopsy for histology
Stone removal
Resection of tumours (prostate, bladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Complications of cystoscopy

A

Perforation
Infection
Irritation by contrast media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of catheter material

A

Latex

Silicone (silastic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Time of indwelling for different catheters

A

Latex: 1 week max
Silicone: 3 months max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Advantages of different catheters

A

Latex: cheap
Silicone: little urethral damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disadvantages of different catheters

A

Latex: irritable to urethra, forms encrustations
Silicone: expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Indications for suprapubic cystostomy

A

Suspected traumatic urethral injury
Urinary retention (only if unable to pass TUC)
Necrotising Fasciitis of the Perineum
Temporary urinary diversion required (e.g. after surgery)
Neuropathic bladder (only if unable to pass TUC)
Transurethral catheter in situ with development of acute epididymitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Enuresis

A

Persistence of inappropriate voiding beyond the age of anticipated control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medical management of enuresis

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants e.g. Imipramine
Desmopressin e.g. DDAVP
Anticholinergics e.g. Oxybutinin (Ditropan - only with presence of daytime symptoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Imipramine mechanisms in enuresis

A

Lighten level of sleep
Anticholinergic effect on bladder (less detrusor contraction)
Alpha-adrenergic effect on bladder neck (contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Imipramine side effects

A 
Anxiety
Behavioural/personality changes
CIT symptoms
Alopecia
Cardiac dysrythmia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Desmopressin mechanisms in enuresis

A

Corrects abnormal nocturnal ADH surge
Decreases nocturnal urine production
Increases water resorption in collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Desmopressin side effects

A

Headaches
Facial flushing
Nausea
Hypnatraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Locations of ectopic testes

A 
Pre-pubic
Femoral canal
Contralateral scrotum
Perineum
Superficial inguinal pouch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Complications of undescended testes

A 
Psychological problems
Infertility
Malignancy
Inguinal hernia
Trauma
Torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Potential findings in infants with UTI

A 
Hyrdonephrosis
Stones
Vesico-Ureteric Reflux
Posterior Urethral Valves
Ureterocoele
Baldder Diverticuli
Acute Pyelonephric Ischaemia
Pelvic-Ureteric Junction obstruction
Neuropathic bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medical indications for circumcision

A 
True phimosis
Paraphimosis
Genital warts affecting foreskin
Recurrent balanitis/phosthitis
Superficial penile carcinoma involving foreskin only
Foreskin trauma
Inadequate previous circumcision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Surgical principles of all circumcision

A

Asepsis
Haemostasis
Protection of glans
Adequate excision but not excessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Methods of circumcision
Clamps Shields Surgical excision
26
Contraindications to Circumcision
``` Prematurity Current illness Blood dyscrasia Hypospadias Chordee Buried penis Webbed penis ```
27
Complications of Circumcision
``` Haemorrhage Infection Meatal ulcer Skin complications (phimosis, concealed penis, chordee, skin bridge) Glanular injury Necrosis Urethrocutaneous fistula ```
28
Causes of Necrosis in circumcision
Use of diathermy with clamp Use of local anaesthetic with adrenaline Use of tourniquet Tight dressings
29
Special investigations in a man with LUTS
``` Urine MCS Urine Dipsticks PSA Ultrasound AXR Prostate Biopsy ```
30
Innervation of bladder function
Sympathetic: Contract proximal sphincter Parasympathetic: Contract detrusor muscle Somatic: Voluntary contraction of external sphincter
31
Medical therapy of incontinence
Alpha-agonists: increase internal sphincter tone Oestrogens: increase bladder neck tone Anti-cholinergics: relax detrusor muscle, increase bladder capacity
32
Haematological causes of haematuria
Anticoagulants Leukaemia Haemophilia
33
Causes of vesico-colic fistula
Crohn's disease Diverticulitis Sigmoid colon carcinoma
34
UTI commoner in women because:
Shorter urinary tract | Proximity to faecal reservoir
35
Diabetes predisposes to UTI because:
Glucose in urine = culture medium Impaired WBC function Autonomic neuropathy
36
Antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis
Co-amoxyclav Cephalosporins Gentamycin Quinolones
37
Causes of penile pain during erection
Peyronie's disease | Priapism
38
Medical conditions associated with Erectile Dysfunction
``` Ischaemic Heart Disease Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension Dyslipidaemia Depression ```
39
Aetiological factors of ED
``` Vasculogenic Neurogenic Chronic Systemic Disease Hormonal Drugs Penile Problems Diabetes Mellitus ```
40
Side effects of PDE5 inhibitors
Headaches Flushing Rhinitis Dyspepsia
41
Oral medication in Peyronie's disease
Vitamin E PABA Colchicine
42
Intralesional Agents for Peyronie's disease
Verapamil Interferon Cortisone
43
Treatment options for condylomata accuminata of foreskin
``` Salicylic Acid Podophylin Interferon Imiquimal 5-fluoro-uracil ointment Tri-chloro-acetic acid Circumcision Laser Cryotherapy Cauterisation ```
44
Possible causes of varicocoele
Congenital absence of valves in spermatic veins Compression of left renal vein between aorta and superior mesenteric artery Neoplastic obstruction of renal vein and IVC Right-angled T-junction of left testicular vein to left renal vein
45
Complications of Varicocoele
Infertility Testicular atrophy Pain/discomfort
46
Special investigations when diagnosing urogenital TB
``` Semen analysis Pus swab from scrotal sinus Early morning urine culture (Louwenstein-Jensen) Histology Cystoscopy CXR IVP ```
47
Pre-testicular factors causing male infertility
``` Calcium Channel blockers Smoking Chemotherapy Anabolic steroids Alcohol ```
48
Triad of abnormalities in prune belly syndrome
Cryptorchidism Urogenital tract abnormalities Congenital absence of abdominal wall musculature
49
Causes of death in prune belly syndrome
Non-functioning renal tissue | Pulmonary hypoplasia
50
Cause of female pseudohermaphroditism
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | Enzymatic deficiency in glucocorticoid metabolic pathways
51
Characteristics: female pseudohermaphriditism
Salt and water wasting Hypertension Hyperpigmentation
52
Factors affecting gender assignment
Fertility Phallus size Family wishes
53
Surgical management of posterior urethral valves
Endoscopic disruption Vesicostomy Upper tract diversion
54
Indications for transurethral catheterisation in chronic urinary retention
Renal failure UTI Incontinence
55
Complications of TUC in chronic urinary retention
Post-obstructive diuresis | Haematuria
56
Underlying systemic conditions predisposing to necrotising fasciitis
``` Diabetes Mellitus AIDS Malnutrition Chronic alcoholism Chemotherapy Transplant patient Steroid therapy ```
57
Antibiotics in necrotising fasciitis
Penicillin Metronidazole Cephalosporin/Aminoglycosides
58
Surgical management of Priapism
Aspiration and Irrigation Embolisation of internal pudendal artery Glans puncture technique Corpospongiosal shunt
59
Indications for Surgery in bladder injury
``` ALL intraperitoneal ruptures Severe bleeding Large urine leak Penetrating bone fragment Laceration of vagina/rectum Penetrating injuries Surgery for other organs ```
60
Complications of bladder injury
Peritonitis Abscess Urinary fistulae Osteitis
61
Signs of urine in peritoneal cavity
Abdominal distension Ileus Urinary ascites Increased urea and creatinine
62
Complications of urethral injuries
``` Stricture Impotence Urine leakage Para-urethral abscess Necrotising fasciitis Cystitis/Epididymitis ```
63
Causes of penile injury
``` Iatrogenic Blunt Penetrating Avulsion Strangulation ```
64
DM causes ED why?
Autonomic neuropathy Microvascular disease Atherosclerosis
65
Signs of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction
``` Sudden onset Morning erections Situation-specific Premature ejaculation Psychiatric history ```
66
Signs of Organic ED
Gradual onset Gradual worsening No morning erections Erections not rigid enough
67
Treatment of ED
``` Psychotherapy Vitamin E PDE5-inhibitors Testosterone ICI Intra-urethral capsules Vacuum device Penile prosthesis Arterial surgery Venous ligation ```
68
Causes of Priapism
``` Idiopathic ICI Pharmaceuticals Haematological disease Malignancy Spinal injury Perineal injury ```
69
Causes of Urinary Retention
Underlying bladder outflow obstruction Underlying detrusor weakening Precipitating events
70
Precipitating events for urinary retention
``` Cystitis/prostatitis Pharmaceuticals Alcohol Post-operatively Cardiac failure Constipation ```
71
Contraindications to SPC
Empty/Fibrotic/Small bladder Macroscopic haematuria Previous lower abdominal surgery Skin infection on lower abdominal wall
72
Complications of SPC
``` Bowel injury Haematuria Migration Bleeding Infection ```
73
Causes of sterile pyuria
``` Urogenital TB Treated gram negative UTI Urolithiasis Papillary necrosis Bladder carcinoma Radiotherapy of bladders Schistosomiasis ```
74
Causes of papillary necrosis
``` Urogenital TB Diabetes Mellitus Analgesic abuse Recurrent UTIs with VUR Sickle cell disease ```
75
Bladder complications of schistosomiasis
``` UTI Bladder wall calcification Reduced capacity bladder Bladder calculi Squamous metaplasia SCC ```
76
IVP findings in schistosomiasis
``` Calcified bladder wall Calcified ureters Granulomata of bladder wall Filling defect of bladder Irregular bladder wall Small bladder capacity Hydro-ureteronephrosis ```
77
Surgical treatment of schistosomiasis
Enterocystoplasty Ureteric reimplantation Radical cystectomy and urinary diversion
78
Ureteric complications of schistosomiasis
Atony VUR Ureteric stricture Renal failure
79
Common sites of genitourinary TB
``` Bladder Kidney Ureter Epididymis Seminal vesicles Prostate ```
80
Cystoscopy findings in GUTB
Erythema Bleeding Granulations Golf hole ureteric openins
81
IVP findings in GUTB
``` Moth-eaten calyces Papillary necrosis Cavities in medulla Infundibular stenosis Blunted calyces Straight ureters PUJ obstruction Hydro-ureteronephrosis Small bladder ```
82
Criteria for renal donors
``` no renal disease no malignancy no diabetes no active infection negative serology ABO compatibility negative lymphocytotoxic cross-match ```
83
Benign renal tumours
Oncocytoma Adenoma Angiomyolipoma
84
Aetiology: TCC of the bladder
Smoking Industrial carcinogens Drugs Pelvic irradiation
85
Drugs causing Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Analgesics | Cyclophosphamide
86
Industries implicated in TCC
``` Rubber Printing Dye Petroleum Leather ```
87
Aetiology: Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the bladder
Bladder calculi Recurrent UTI Indwelling catheter Schistosomiasis
88
Aetiology: Renal Cell Carcinoma
Smoking Obesity Acquired cystic disease Von Hippel-Lindau disease
89
Radical nephrectomy removes what?
Kidney Adrenal Gland Perinephric fat
90
Indications for heminephretomy in RCC
<4cm incidentaloma bilateral tumours poor total renal function unilateral tumour with solitary kidney
91
RCC treatment option
Radical nephrectomy Heminephrectomy Immunotherapy Renal artery embolisation
92
DDX: painless scrotal mass
``` Hydrocele Varicocele Epididymal cyst Chronic epididymitis Tumour Inguinal hernia ```
93
DDX: painful scrotal mass
Strangulated inguinal hernia Acute epididymitis Tumour - haemorrhaging Scrotal trauma
94
Risk factors for testicular tumours
``` Undescended testis Infertility Atrophy of testis Orchitis Carcinoma in situ Intersex ```
95
Tumour markers in testicular tumours
B-HCG AFP LDH
96
Treatment of testicular tumours
Radical orchiectomy Chemotherapy Radiotherapy
97
Aminoacids in Cystineuria
Cystine Ornithine Lysine Arginine
98
Complications of renal stones
UTI Obstruction Chronic irritation
99
Neuropathic Bladder complications
``` Renal failure Calculi Recurrent UTI Vesicoureteric reflux Urethral diverticulum/fistula SCC bladder Autonomic dysreflexia ```
100
Aetiology of BPH
``` Male sex Age Hormones Geographical Race/Diet Fat Genetics Stromal epithelial interaction ```
101
Causes of LUTS
``` BPH Prostate carcinoma Urethral stricture Bladder neck contracture Neurogenic bladder dysfunction Diabetes mellitus ```
102
Medical Management of BPH
A-Adrenergic blockers | 5-A-reductase inhibitors
103
Surgical indications in BPH
``` Renal failure Recurrent haematuria Recurrent UTI Hydronephrosis Contraindicated medical treatment Failed medical treatment Previous prostatic surgery ```
104
Complications of TURP
``` TURP-syndrome Secondary haemorrhage Septicaemia Retrograde ejaculation Incontinence Urethral stricture ```
105
Aetiology: Prostate carcinoma
``` Age Genetics Race Geography/Environment Hormones ```
106
Pathology of Prostate ca
Adenocarcinoma TCC Sarcoma SCC
107
Causes of raised PSA
``` BPH Prostate Ca Prostatitis Urinary retention Prostatic procedures Age ```
108
Medical treatment in prostate ca
Luteinising-Hormone Releasing Hormone Oestrogens Anti-androgens (flutamide)
109
Orchiectomy complications
``` bleeding wound sepsis psychological trauma hot flushes ED osteoporosis ```
110
Signs of spinal cord compression
motor dysfunction sensory loss urinary retention
111
Treatment: spinal cord compression
high dose steroids urgent castration radiotherapy to spinal cord
112
Complications: Renal Injury
``` Haemorrhage Secondary Haemorrhage Urinary extravasation Infection Ileus Renal infarction Hypertension Death ```
113
Indications for surgery in renal injury
``` Haemodynamic instability Renal artery thrombosis Suspected visceral damage Suspected renal pelvis injury Non-functioning of major part of kidney ```
114
Causes of secondary haemorrhage in renal injury
Pseudoaneurysm | AVF
115
Commonly isolated bacteria in necrotising fasciitis
``` Enterobacteria Bacteroides Streptococci Staphylococci Peptostreptococci Clostridia ```
116
Early signs of necrotising fasciitis
Pain Erythema Swelling of scrotum Pyrexia
117
Late signs of necrotising fasciitis
``` Cyanosis/blistering of skin Crepitus Cutaneous necrosis Extension to abdomen and thighs Septicaemia Death ```
118
DDX of necrotising fasciitis
``` Scrotal cellulitis Scrotal abscess Strangulated inguinal hernia Penile gangrene Scrotal gangren Pyoderma gangrenosa ```
119
Indications for intervention in renal colic
``` Renal failure UTI Failure of stone progression Large stone Anuria Repeated colic Convenience ```
120
Semen analysis pattern in varicocele
Oligospermia Teratospermia Asthenospermia
121
Renal injury Grade 1
Contusion/Haematoma
122
Renal Injury Grade 2
Laceration <1cm parenchymal without urinary extravasation
123
Renal injury Grade 3
Laceration >1cm without collecting system rupture or urinary extravasation
124
Renal injury Grade 4
Laceration extending through cortex, medulla and collecting system Main renal artery injury with contained haemorrhage
125
Renal injury Grade 5
Shattered kidney | Avulsion of hilum with devascularised kidney
126
Causes of Vesico-Ureteric Reflux
``` Congenitally short submucosal tunnel Bladder outflow obstruction Iatrogenic Duplex ureters Ureterocele ```
127
Complications of VUR
Chronic Pyelonephritis Hypertension Chronic Renal Failure
128
Indications for Surgery in VUR
``` Failure to prevent UTIs Poor medical compliance Very severe reflux Associated pathology Persistent VUR in female adolescents ```
129
Surgery for VUR
Subureteric Teflon Injection | Reimplantation of ureter

Urology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions