Urology Flashcards by Javeria Anzar

Noninfective cause ofepididymiorchitis

Amiodarone

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Infective cause of epididymiorchitis is

gonorrhoea or chlamydia

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Ureteric Calculus pain

ureteric calculus pain radiates to Loin is classical sign due to ilio hy pogastricarea.

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Diff b /w bulbar and memb urethral injury

Bulbar will be dueto fall from bike with legs apart
Memb : Pelvic# with no prostateon rectal exam

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Normal PSA level

ormal upper limit for PSA is 4ng/ml

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Mc site prostate Cancer is

Peripheral Zone 70%

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1st node to be affected in Prostate Ca

Lymphatic spread occurs first to the internal iliac

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low risk menfor Prostate Cancer

clinical stage T1c, Gleason score 3+3 and PSA density < 0.15 ng/ml/ml who have cancer in less than 50% of their biopsy cores, with < 10 mm of any core involved

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SChistoma Hema tobiom causes

Bladder Calcification

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-Howto asses failing kidney transplant

MAG 3 renogram

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when adrenal masS is considered malignant

> 4cm in size 25% ofthem are malignant

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How to exclude Bladder outflow obstruction

Uroflowmetry (a flow rate of >15ml/second helps to exclude BOO)

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which test to asses renal scaring

DMSA Scan
lthough MAG 3 renograms may provide some information relating to the structural integrity of the kidney, many still consider a DMSA scan to be the gold standard for the detection of renal scarring (which is the main concern in PUJ obstruction and infections).

Improve

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Testsfor these Kidney issues
1. Renal scaring
2. GFR
3. RENAL TRANSPLANT
4. Degree of reflux from bladder
5. Stones

1.DMSA
2.DTPA
.3 MAG3 renoogram
4. mcuG Scan
5. Non contrast CT

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Trimethoprim in Rx of

Pyelonephritis

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common sequelae of vasectomy

Sperm granulomas

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Low flow vs high flow priapism

Low: dark blood on aspiration ( dangerous)
High: bright red

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Clearance after vasectomy by

is usually taken after 12-16 weeks post procedure (and prefer after 24 ejaculates).

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intravesical BCG therapy isgiven in

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder may be treated with intravesical BCG therapy.

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Cysteine stones

They are radio opaque but diff from Calcium stones is their hereditary nature

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child us adult surgery for hydrocele

child by inguinal approach
adult by scrotal app(Lords and Jabolay procedure)

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Keypoints of RCC

Frank Hematuria
Polycythaemia

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Stones after radiotherapy

uric acid stones

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p H and stones
1 Low
2 High
3. Normal
4 variable

1 Uric Acid
2 Storvite, Ca phosphate
3 Cysteine, Ca phosphate
4 Ca oxalate

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Nephroblastoma vs Neuroblastoma

Under 15 years vs under 4 years ofage Rare vs common GUT tUmor HTN vs no HTN Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy (usually vincristine, actinomycin D and doxorubicin) vsSurgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma

MI BIG Scam

Antidote of cyclophosphamide

Mesna

Torsion fixation

. This can be achieved using sutures or by placement of the testis in a Dartos pouch.

Clear Cells is found in

Kidney and canbe found as metastasis

Lobe enlargement in BPH vs Tumor

BPH Median lobe Tumor Post lobe

Whatfirst test to get after an adrenal incidentaloma on CT

Get blood workup 1st and nothing else

Varicocele is more common at which side

Leftside dueto 90° position ofthe testicular vein to renal vein

Angiomyolipoona is associated with

Tuberous sclerosis typeof RCC

TCC of Renal

Pink in color on appearance

Drugs causing Pseudo hemetUria

Rifampicin, phenytoin, levodopa, methyldopa, and quinine all cause pseudohaematuria

High riding urethra

Membranous urethral rupture

Renal Mass with epilepsy and learning disability

Tuberous Sclerosis which is due to Angiongolipoma

APKD features

APKD is associated with liver cysts (70%), berry aneurysms (25%) and pancreatic cysts (10%). Patients may have a renal mass, hypertension, renal calculi and macroscopic haematuria.

Which Cele is present in testicular tumor vS RCC

TT: Hydrocele RCC Varicocele

low flow priapismneeds surgical intervention after

> 4 hours

Recurrent priapism seen in

Typically seen in sickle cell disease, most commonly of high flow type.

Risk factor for bladder ca

Smoking Schistosomiasis cyclophosphamide Anilinedye( textile industry)

First time renal transplant occurs in

First time renal tranplants are typically implanted in the left or right iliac fossae.

Which vessels are anastomoses to Kidney during transplant

The vessels are usually joined to the external iliac artery and vein as these are the most easily accessible. The Rutherford Morison incision provides access to the external iliac vessels.

LUTS include

frequency, urgency, or feeling of incomplete voiding.

aide memoire for upper PSA limit

(age - 20) / 10

Normal levels of PSA

Age. PSA level (ng/ml)} 50-59 years: 3.0 60-69 years: 4.0 > 70 years: 5.0

PSA levels may also be raised by these procedures apart from tumor

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostatitis and urinary tract infection (NICE recommend to postpone the PSA test for at least 1 month after treatment) ejaculation (ideally not in the previous 48 hours) vigorous exercise (ideally not in the previous 48 hours) urinary retention instrumentation of the urinary tract

PSA levels can be raised after UTI till

1 month

These 2 can cause raised PSA levels after 48 hours

Vigorous exercise Ejaculation

Biopsy of which cancer shouldn't be done

Testicular cancer

What swellings transilluminates

Hydrocoeles and large epididymal cysts will classically transilluminate.

A scrotql swelling descibred as bag of worms” or with a “dragging sensation”, and may disappear on lying flat.

Varicocle

Epididymal cust vs hydrocele

Both transilluminates and fluctuant but H isn't separated from testes while E is found above and is Separable from cyst.

Classically, testicular tumours are described as

painless lumps arising from the testis

Rx of testicular cancer

radical inguinal orchidectomy

Loss of cremasteric reflex

Testicular torsion

Cannot get above the swelling in testes Dx?

Hernia or Infant hydocele due to patent processus vaginalis

Nerve supply of scrotum

The anteriolateral aspect of the scrotum is supplied by branches of the genitofemoral and the ilioinguinal nerve, whilst the posterior scrotum is supplied by the perineal branches of the pudendal nerve and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve.

If Abdominal lesion >1cm post chemo of GUT tumors

Perform retroperitoneal lymph node dissection

Rx of bony metastasis of prostate gland

Radiotherapy+Bisphosphoates+androgen suppression

Which gleason score shows Worst prognosis