Urology and Renal

Question 1

What could chronic haematuria with intermittent loin pain suggest?

Answer 1

APKD

Question 2

A patient has a fever, renal and pulmonary disease with a CXR showing bilateral pulmonary infiltrates from pulmonary haemorrhages. What condition does this patient have?

Answer 2

Goodpastures syndrome

Question 3

A patient has a blocked suprapubic catheter which required multiple flushes. What is the most appropriate investigation and why?

Answer 3

Arrange a cystoscopy as clots/ stones can increase the risk of bladder cancer

Question 4

What is the first line treatment for a staghorn calculus?

Answer 4

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 5

What is a cause of renal artery stenosis in young women?

Answer 5

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 6

Describe urine output in stage 1 AKI.

Answer 6

<0.5ml/kg/hr in the last 6 hours

Question 7

Describe urine output in stage 2 AKI.

Answer 7

<0.5ml/kg/hr in the last 12 hours

Question 8

Describe urine output in stage 3 AKI.

Answer 8

<0.3 ml/kg/hr in the last 12 hours

Question 9

A patient has a palpable bladder and is in pain. What is the first management?

Answer 9

Insert a catheter

Question 10

Which one causes haematuria between membranous glomerulonephritis vs membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

Answer 10

Membranoproliferative glomerulopnerphritis
(membranous glomerulonephritis = membranous nephropathy)

Question 11

What is the criteria to diagnose CKD?

Answer 11

eGFR <60 for more than 3 months

Question 12

What pathogen causes sore throat and glomerulonephritis?

Answer 12

group A strep (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Question 13

How is nephrotic syndrome a risk factor for DVT?

Answer 13

Leads to loss of antithrombin III and plasminogen

Question 14

In pregnancy, which antibiotics are safe to treat UTIs?

Answer 14

Cephalexin
Penicillins

Question 15

What is the first line treatment for T2DM with proteinuria?

Answer 15

ACEi

Question 16

What disease causes calculi in the papilla of kidneys in a patient with a history of UTIs and kidney stones?

Answer 16

Medullary sponge kidney

Question 17

How can an aortic aneurysm lead to oliguria?

Answer 17

Acute tubular necrosis due to ischaemia

Question 18

How can bladder cancer affect the ureters and kidneys as a complication?

Answer 18

Bilateral hydronephrosis

Question 19

What medication can be given in secondary hyperparathyroidsm to treat high phosphate levels?

Answer 19

Sevelamer (phosphate binder)

Question 20

An asian patient has protein and blood in their urine after exercise, what do they have?

Answer 20

IgA nephropathy

Question 21

What is the first investigation before imaging in a <45 year old with visible haematuria?

Answer 21

Urine MCS

Question 22

What imaging is indicated in children with UTI?

Answer 22

USS

Question 23

What treatment is given to normocytic anaemia secondary to CKD?

Answer 23

IV or subcutaneous EPO

Question 24

What treatment is given to treat hypocalcaemia secondary to CKD?

Answer 24

Alfacalcidiol

Question 25

What treatment is given to treat hypertension in chronic end failure kidney disease?

Answer 25

CCB/ B blocker ACEi can worsen renal failure

Question 26

In which 3 renal conditions is ACEi protective in?

Answer 26

Glomerulonephritis Lupus nephritis Systemic sclerosis

Question 27

What can help clear calcium in hypercalcaemia?

Answer 27

Loop diuretics

Question 28

What dose of bumetanide is equivalent to 40mg of furosemide?

Answer 28

1mg of bumetanide

Question 29

What imaging is indicated within 6 hours of pyelonephritis?

Answer 29

US KUB

Question 30

Which lymph nodes will transitional cell carcinoma metastasise to ?

Answer 30

Para-aortic lymph nodes

Question 31

Why does pruritis indicate haemodialysis?

Answer 31

Ureamic symptom

Question 32

What is a common short term complication of dialysis?

Answer 32

Hypoglycaemia

Question 33

What medication is given to treat UTI in CKD?

Answer 33

Trimethoprim

Question 34

What causes type 1 renal acidosis?

Answer 34

Amyloidosis Increased H+ retention and decreased Potassium

Question 35

What causes type 2 renal acidosos?

Answer 35

Fanconi Increased bicarbonate excretion

Question 36

What causes type 3 renal acidosis?

Answer 36

Lack of aldosterone Increased serum potassium

Question 37

When is haemofiltration preferred over haemodialysis?

Answer 37

Critically ill CKD patients as there is a lower risk of haemodynamic instability

Question 38

How are ureteric stones <10mm treated?

Answer 38

Shockwave lithotripsy

Question 39

How are ureteric stones 10-20mm treated?

Answer 39

Urteroscopy