US Diplomatic History Final Flashcards

Question

Independent internationalism

Answer 1

US foreign policy between WWI and WWIII that said we would be active on an international scale (not isolationists) but independent in direction. Wanted to isolate the country from war, scale down foreign military interventions, and to preserve the freedom to make independent decisions in international affairs

Answer 2

Form of soft culture that was spreading through much of the world during the 1920s and 1930s. Material culture that was spreading included household appliances, foods, sports, language, music, and film. Hollywood movies had a large impact on the rest of the world--spread American slang, values, and culture. John Rockefeller helped this along with the Rockefeller Foundation

Answer 3

Started in 1913 continued Americanization through philanthropic programs in preventative medicine and public health. Battled yellow fever in Latin America and supported colleges to train doctors in Lebanon and China. Philosophy that adoption of culture, economic expansion, and social and political stability went hand in hand.

Answer 4

Signed by FDR in 1932. Empowered the president to reduce tariffs by as much as 50% after negotiating agreements with other nations under the doctrine of the most-favored nation. Slowed down the deterioration of world trade. Signed by FDR in 1932. Helped world trade to increase because the US markets became more liberal and duties dropped, leading other countries to follow suit. Was in response to US Congress increasing tariffs to combat the Great Depression, something that has a negative effect.

Answer 5

Founded in 1921 and acted as an umbrella to peace organizations. Part of a period in which people were tired of war and wanted a strong and permanent peace. Started by Congregational Minister Frederick Libby and was a part of the Washington Naval Conference, became a lobby for peace organizations in DC

Answer 6

1928. A pact that outlawed war and was signed by many nations of the world. Initiated by the US and France. Later used as the legal basis for the prosecution of the axis powers after WWII. Named after Secretary of State Kellogg. Was not very effective because it was simply a promise and theory, but it held educational value.

Answer 7

Held by President Harding and run by Secretary of State Charles Evan Hughes in 1922. First international disarmament conference in history and attended by many nations. Resulted in Washington Naval Treaty that declared that countries would disarm their navies to protect peace. Many say it led to the Japanese having the ability to rise up. Started independent internationalism after UK, US, and Japan all built up arms post-WWI and this stopped that

Answer 8

Consists of five power treaty (ten year moratorium on creation of ships and air craft carriers), four power treaty (abolished the Anglo-Japanese alliance so they could respect each other), and nine power treaty (reaffirmed Open Door policy and gave Japan superiority in Asia). Overall they gave Japan superiority in Asia and no one could fight it. Led to Japan rising because others disarmed

Answer 9

Pact between Germany and USSR in 1939 was a nonaggression agreement in which they promised to stay neutral in the evnet of an attack by others on either one of them. It remained in effect until 1941 when Germany invaded USSR, was the final straw for US-soviet relations after increased disgust with Stalin.

Answer 10

Completed in 1939. French border defenses where they created concrete walls, tanks, firearms, and other defenses along Germany and Italy to protect them after the outbreak of war. Named after the French Minister of War Andre Maginot. Was seen as a brilliant move but the Germans knew about the line and found a way around it to invade France.

Answer 11

1938, Chamberlain (Britain) gives Hitler everything he asks for in exchange for "peace in our time". Lesson from this to America is that appeasement of aggressors always fails. Throughout 1939 Hitler invaded a bunch of people and everyone was complacent. British/French appeasement and US isolationism to blame.

Answer 12

Senate commission headed by Senator Nye from 1934-1936 to investigate in bank and munitions lobby conspired to send US to WWI. Helped make the case for neutrality to the American public, led to Neutrality acts being passed

Answer 13

Started in 1935 with arms embargo on belligerent nations with no discretion between aggressor and victim. In 1936 it banned loans to belligerent nations and belligerents were forced to carry American exports on their own ships (cash and carry). In 1937 it forbade American travel on belligerent vessels. Midwest progressives pushed the Acts through because FDR needed their support to keep the New Deal going. Addressed neutrality failure of Wilson administration

Answer 14

Happened in 1931. Japanese officers used Mukden Incident to seize Manchuria from China because it had many natural resources and was a good strategic location to USSR. Invasion violated Open Door policy but countries did not want to wage war against Japan. Led to the Stimson Doctrine

Answer 15

Issued in 1932. Stated the US would not recognize any arrangements in China that might impair American treaty rights, the Open Door policy, or subvert the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Led to Japan resigning from the League of Nations (was against their expansion) and the Stimson-Hoover response showed the world that the US wanted legal, orderly processes in achieving peace, economic openness, and political stability achieved through non-military means. Was done by Secretary of State Henry Stimson. Also called the non-recognition doctrine.

Answer 16

Japanese campaign into China in 1938 that wanted to "Kill all, Burn all, Loot all." Happened right after the China incident in 1937 where troops clashed and Japan took Shanghai and the Rape of Nanking. US were reluctant to intervene because of isolationist position and instead Sec. of State Hull put a "moral embargo" on the sale of aircrafts to Japan.

Answer 17

Started by FDR in 1933. US would continue hegemony over the hemisphere but would not intervene in the affairs of Latin America. This would lead to reciprocal trade agreements between US and Latin America. Used political and economic influence instead of military. People thought this was "colonialism by contract" by the financial advisors from the US who served Latin America in the 1920s. Also US and Latin America became virtual allies because of this and gave US dominance in western hemisphere. Still part of Roosevelt Corollary in that it encouraged US interference without a military presence and still had hegemony as he pain goal

Answer 18

1941. 4 day meeting between Churchill and FDR in Argentina, Newfoundland. British wanted supplies and ships and Americans wanted direct group troop buildup. First instance of Anglo-American solidarity, differences between British and Americans over how to handle Japan.

Answer 19

1941. Stated the goals of WWII and was pledged to by the inital members of the UN. 8 point statement on the war. Reaffirmed collective security, national self-determination, freedom of seas, liberal trading policies. Charter became a propaganda tool against Axis. 26 nations signed the Declaration of the UN pledging to achieve the aims of the charter. Began Anglo-American commitment to USSR.

Answer 20

FDR repealed the Neutrality Act of 1939 in 1941 so US could send arms and started by sending 50 destroyers to the UK. Act said the president could sell, exchange, lend, or lease defense articles to any country that the president deemed necessary to the defense of the US. Said we had to do this to stay out of war. Sent over $50 billion of defense articles through this with most going to UK. Some went to USSR after German invasion in 1941. In return US did not need to pay rent when stationed at bases owned by UK

Answer 21

Agreement made between Japan, Germany, and Italy in 1940 pledging aid to one another if they were attacked by a country not involved in Europe or Sin-Japanese conflict. Clearly targeted the YS. Showed that the US and Japan could be close to war and that others would support Japan

Answer 22

Allied cryptanalysis project that unscrambled Japanese code revealing attack on South Pacific but no one anticipated the Hawaiian Islands. Due to US freezing all assets to Japan in 1941 because they seized southern Indochina and US financial support of China. Japan demanded release of oil embargo and extended the deadline twice before attacking Pearl Harbor

Answer 23

Established by Roosevelt and consisted of UK, US, USSR, and China. Each maintained peace in their own sphere of influence. The policemen could operate as an international organization with open trade, attempts at portraying respect for each other, and the prospect of postwar cooperation

Answer 24

From 1941-1943 and consisted of FDR in US, Churchill in UK, and Stalin in USSR. Diplomacy of the Grand alliance revolved around USSR and desire to get Eastern European borders back to pre-invasion points. FDR preferred waiting and getting the second front and Operation Overlord made USSR suspicious of US/UK alliance after the war. FDR knew he needed to woo Stalin and expedited Lend Lease while calling for an unconditional surrender to show that there were no plans for a US/UK/Nazi agreement

Answer 25

1943. Turning point in Big Three Relations. FDR called for international org dominated by the Four Policemen who would keep the peace. Talked about postwar status of Germany and Eastern Europe. Symbolism of a postwar peace dictated by the Big Three and China reinforcing bonds between these nations and left them satisfied for the future, ending past rifts.

Answer 26

US saw China as a wartime priority and sent him to command forces. Wanted to open up Burma to increase supplies in China and make mainland a staging point for invasion of Japan. Wanted to reform Chinese military system to achieve these goals but Jiang Jieshi, current leader, did not want a Burma campaign without more Allied support. US made many amends to get in China's favor.

Answer 27

Agreement in 1943 signed by 44 countries for the protection and support of war victims to prevent the spread of communism. Americans protested and when communism spread anyway the UNRRA ended with America cutting its funding in 1947

Answer 28

An agreement made during WWII governing monetary policy after the war ended. This created the World Bank and IMF and was agreed upon by 44 Allied nations. Important conference in setting monetary policy for independent nation-states in a unified way. Met in 1944 and ratified to go into effect in 1945.

Answer 29

Plan created by Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau in 1944. Would break up Germany for the Allies and deindustrialize it so that it could not wage war. The plan was endorsed by FDR but not Truman. Eventually Churchill was persuaded. Would partition Germany into 2 separate states. A less radical version of this plan ended up being implemented

Answer 30

February 1945. Second of 3 conferences by the Big Three. First was Tehran conference and third was Potsdam Conference. Tried to create an agenda for governing a post-war world and Europe. Some lkey points were unconditional Nazi Germany surrender, broadening of the Polish government, and a UN voting formula that did not allow the big five to use and abuse veto in procedural matters, and the Soviet pledge to enter the Pacific War

Answer 31

1944. Churchill and Stalin would break up problems in the following way: UK got 90% of Greece, USSR got 10%, while USSR got 90% of Romania, UK got 10%

Answer 32

Most of Latin America and the US make a security agreement. Shows how dedicated US is to protect their sphere of influence in this region.

Answer 33

Border between Poland and Germany drawn in the aftermath of WWII. Any pre-war territory held by Germany in this line was given to Poland or Russia and the Germans were killed or expelled by force. Was decided at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945

Answer 34

Final of the Three conferences held by the Big Three. Took place in July 1945. Officially splits up Germany into 4 spheres and decides Poland is not fully independent but gets more territory. The first conference attended by Truman during which he discusses the successful testing of the atomic bomb.

Answer 35

Message from George Kennan on February 22, 1945. Was staying in Moscow at the time. Telegram said that there could be no peace with USSR because they are guided by a communist ideology. US must deal with USSR with firmness to reassure Europe that they are well protected and because it will be the most effective way to deal with the Russians. This is also known as X article. First advocated a US plan of containment that would try to keep communism in USSR and let them crumble internally to eradicate the problem.

Answer 36

Phrase used by Churchill in 1945 to describe the Eastern European countries. It references the loss and separation of these countries from the capitalist world. The countries on both sides created separate economic and military alliances and became divided between socialism/communism and capitalism/democracy

Answer 37

Plan from 1946 that outlined a proposal for the control of nuclear weapons. The Soviets would have to give up all the fission materials used to mkae a nuclear bomb and submit it to inspections. In return US would get rid of its nuclear weapons. This was rejected by the Soviets. Started the nuclear arms race of the Cold war. Truman wanted it to work out and had his administration draw up a plan for it

Answer 38

Blockade of the western half of Berlin from the western side of Germany from mid-1948 to mid-1949. Stalin blockaded Berlin, as he was afraid of the western forces uniting their zones. US forces managed to fly in supplies until Stalin ended the blockade and West Germany was unified

Answer 39

Due to the Berlin Blockade, US and UK air forces had to drop supplies to the people of West Berlin. It became extremely successful (even better than before) and the Soviets were embarassed by the "blockade" so they split Berlin down the middle, creating East Germany and West Germany. The Soviets did not want this to work because they thought if West Berlin ran out of food, they would be forced to provide, giving them control over the entire city.

Answer 40

1945. Truman is criticized for giving too much to Soviets, including diplomatically recognizing communist Romania and Bulgaria. Forces Truman to "get tough" on Soviets in crises like Iran

Answer 41

Said in a speech in 1947 and is considered the start of the Cold War. Stated that the US would support struggling countries with economic and military aid to prevent them falling into the Soviet sphere and becoming communist. Implied totalitarian regimes would pop up where ever US withheld support (economic aid) and made a broad statement about what the post-war world should look like. Was originally talking about Turkey and Greece but the message was intended for all countries.

Answer 42

Policy suggested by George Kennan in 1946 Long Telegram that basically told the US to contain communism in the USSR where they would crumble from within and it would be extinguished. Did not want them to let it spread to other countries. Considered the middle ground between detente (easing relations) and rollback (forcing change)

Answer 43

Started by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1948. Offers to give massive economic aid to Europe to help the rebuilding process after WWII. Clearly in response to a fear of spreading communism by the USSR to this area. Was said to be altruistic but most claimed it was selfish--US economy was struggling and by injecting funds into Western Europe US would get profits. Wanted to make Europe prosperous again by encouraging industry and development. Officially the "European Recovery Program"

Answer 44

1949 started. US, Canada, 10 European countries. Kept the Soviets out, the Germans down, and the US in. Article 5 stated an attack against one was an attack against all. A way to deal with the Soviet military threat and build independence in West Germany that could become part of the Western alliance.

Answer 45

Invoked by Sumner Welles in 1940 and declared that the US would not recognize the USSR taking three Baltic states--Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Remained the policy of the US until they achieved full international recognition as independent states in 1990.

Answer 46

Happened in 1995 because Eisenhower wanted to protect Taiwan from future attacks by China. Promised to protect Taiwan and gave Eisenhower the power to do whatever he needed in order to uphold the resolution

Answer 47

1958. US escalated the conflict and sent 100,000 troops into Taiwan. Also sent nuclear weapons. All regarding the islands of Quemoy and Matsu. Eisenhowr took these steps because of Formosa Resolution that was implemented because of first Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1954

Answer 48

Created in 1945-55. International organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia. Formed to target Red China and Beijing's support of revolution in Indochina. Mainly developed by Kennan, Eisenhower, and Sec. of State Dulles to prevent the spread of communism.

Answer 49

Describes countries during the Cold War who neither aligned with capitalism and NATO nor communism and the USSR. Nationalism flourished in these countries and the US feared that the USSR would take them in with economic aid and trade. Mostly colonial nations in Asia, Africa, and the Middl eEast. Biggest nations were India and Egypt. The Eisenhower-Dulles team tried to futilely contain these regions to curb the new challenge.

Answer 50

Formed in 1955 at US insistence even though they did not participate and consisted of UK, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and Turkey. Done to maintain Western influence in the Middle East, thwart Soviet expansion, and fill the defense vacuum. Considered unsuccessful. Happened because US had been losing power in the Middle East

Answer 51

Nasser of Egypt seizes the Suez Canal after US offers them $1.3 billion through World Bank to try and thwart the effort so they could build their own. Used the money from nationalizing the dam to build Aswan Dam to show how strong ties were with USSR and China. France, UK, and Israel fought offensive war against them in 1956 because of this.

Answer 52

Policy ended in 1945 with the threat of Cold War. Was no longer around so US intervention meant to arrest the drift in the area toward radical and nationalistic regimes. Tried to prevent countries in Latin America from going communist. VP Nixon saw how unpopular this was in 1958 when he went to Venezuela and got stuff thrown at him.

Answer 53

Made a reappearance and was a sign of US influence abroad in 1950s. Proliferation of American mass consumer culture and the foreign adoption of American ways. Became a component of national security policy. Became a means to contest and undermine appeal of Arab nationalism, Latin American revolution, Third World nationalism, communism, USSR, and China. US antipathy towards these things created a backlash in the Third World

Answer 54

First offered in 1951 by Senator Bricker. Series of amendments to the US constitution that sought to limit the effects in the US of the UN-sponsored agreements on human rights. Also included restrictions on executive agreements to ensure that the president did not skirt the treaty-making power of the Senate. Placed restrictions on the scope and ratification of treaties and executive agreements

Answer 55

Localized war withou the use of atomic weapons that was employed during the Korean War. When the Americans weren't faring well against the communists, many Americans were angered with Truman for fighting a limited war. Did not want to enlarge the war because there was no guaranteed victory, it could bring the Soviets in, and the US might lose allies. The "Korean Conflict" became one of the costliest wars of the 20th century.

Answer 56

The point agreed on by the armistice signed in 1953 where there would be a boundary between the two Koreas. Prisoners of war could choose where to stay, this was declared in the Korean Armistice Agreement.

Answer 57

Conflicts in South Korea where people resisted the rightist state backed by the US through peasant uprisings, leftist labor strikes, and guerilla warfare. This made skirmishes between the North and South increase

Answer 58

National security policy of the US under Eisenhower and the Sec. of State Dulles. It emphasized nuclear weaponry and air power in order to ensure "massive retaliation" and prepared the US

Answer 59

Refusing to back down in a crisis even if it means going to war. The phrase was coined by Sec. of State Dulles during the Eisenhower administration. The idea was to push your opponent to the brink in order to force them to make concessions that are advantageous to you. This makes for extremely dangerous situations, especially because of the New Look policy and the arms race. Another example of this was the Cuban Missile crisis under JFK in 1962. There was `a fear that if both sides got so deep in brinksmanship that mutually assured destruction would happen.

Answer 60

Started in 1957 by Eisenhower where a country could request economic aid or assistance from the US military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state. This was mainly aimed at Soviet aggressions in the Middle East. The US would intervene in the Middle East if any government threatened by a communist takeover requested aid.

Answer 61

Rare example of cold war diplomacy. Both US and USSR wanted to pull them to their side but Austria wanted neutrality. After negotiations, both sides agreed to end their ten-year occupation and created an independent and neutral Austria

Answer 62

Took place in 1955 between US, UK, France and USSR. Struck no agreements over issues of German reunification, European security, methods of arms control. After the Conference, Khrushchev recognized West Germany and endorsed a detente which marked a brief interlude and cultural exchange between the USSR and US. Was ended by the Suez crisis

Answer 63

An act of Congress giving Johnson the power to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war. Happened in response to two US ships (USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy) being hit in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Gave him power to do "whatever necessary" to defeat the Viet Cong. Later came out that the second incident was fabricated but Johnson did not know until after he responded. Started launching retaliatory strikes in North Vietnam.

Answer 64

US troops engaged in a mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in 1968. Called the "Charlie Company". Was kepy a secret until 1969 and only one person charged. Led to huge political scandal and more US opposition to war. The cover up included top military and government officials and when it was finally investigated it was reportedly "white washed"

Answer 65

Took place in 1996-67. Both US and NLF nervous about conceding too much. There was a feeling that the US ruined two opportunities at peace. First was Marigold where LBJ failed to call off bombings before agreement discussions ended. Next there was Sunflower where US insisted that Hanoi stop supplying troops before US stopped air raids. The talks failed.

Answer 66

Happened in early 1968. The NLF decided to attack the South and their allies (US) in a series of surprise attacks at key points in South Vietnam, including the Embassy in Saigon. It was difficult for the US and allied orces to repeal the offensive and took some time. NorthVietnam spread the attack as evidence that the US was weak and used it as propaganda to. LBJ suffered a political blow (ineffective) leading to him not running and Nixon winning in 1969. Led to the huge unpopular opinion of the war in the US along with My Lai and made it very hard for Nixon.

Answer 67

The US table tennis team accepted an invitation to visit China. Happened in 1971. This event gave Nixon and Sec. of State Kissinger more optimism about the US visiting China and two months later they did. Gave US a chance to thaw relations with China because USSR has control over them. Kissinger first went alone to meet with Premier Zhou Enlai and then Nixon went with the goal of detente.

Answer 68

Important in the detente policy extended to China during the presidency of Nixon. Played a role in securing a meeting with the Chinese through ping-pong diplomacy. Was only a national security advisor until 1973 but Nixon treated him like one and gave the real one little power. Congress lacked inclusion because of him and passed the War Powers Resolution and cut aid to Turkey, Cambodia, South Vietnam, and Angola, which annoyed him. Criticized during detente for his tolerance of authoritarian regimes that abused human rights

Answer 69

1973. Congress grew angry with Nixon and Kissinger leaving them out of policy-making decisions and passed this resolution. States that the president could not commit US troops for more than 60 days without congressional approval.

Answer 70

A thawing of tensions by countries. Was practiced by Nixon and Kissinger with China and the USSR during the 1970s. Since there was limited cooperation from USSR and PRC the US saw it as a way to reduce tensions and sustain US leadership by producing equilibrium through the containment of rivals. Nixon and Kissinger saw the world as a competition between Soviet and America because of the diffusion of power and collapse of colonies after WWII. Decided to use containment through negotiation instead of containment through confrontation. Seen as a cheaper method of containment and Nixon ended the draft, cut military size and spending, and negotiated a strategic arms limitation treaty. Led to support of Pakistan with US believing it was them and China against USSR and India

Answer 71

Agreements dominated the discussion in 1972. Was an attempt to reduce arms on both side. MAD and second-strike capabilities led to development of many other missiles and people knew this was bad. US outnumbered Soviets with missiles but USSR was making better ones and they needed to stop.

Answer 72

Agreements made in 1972 for cooperation in space exploration and trade, as well as on Vietnam and arms reduction. Led to SALT-I agreements being seriously discussed with a treaty that limited deployment of ABMs for each nation to two sites (did not remove MAD threat) and froze number of ICBMs deployed or in production. Did nothing MIRVs giving US superiority

Answer 73

Moved less quickly than SALT I Happened in 1974. Ford and Brezhnev agreed on ceiling on total number of delivery vehicles and on MIRV-equipped missiles. Discussions got bogged down and by 1977-78 an increase in the number of warheads showed the detente had not stopped the arms race

Answer 74

Happened in 1970 and was an attempt to have a detente by both countries. Wanted to recognize both German states in a policy called Ostpolitik which would normalize tensions between the two countries. Was part of a European detente that in 1972 had the USSR giving Western access to the city and starting a treaty that provided diplomatic relations and UN membership for both countries in 1973

Answer 75

At conference in 1975 delegates from 35 countries accepted the permanence of existing European boundaries and pledged themselves to detente and human rights guarantees. USSR was pressured to accept human rights aspect because they arrested intellectuals who wanted freedom of speech. Kissinger criticized US inaction and said it was foolish not to move boundaries when they had a monopoly on nuclear capabilities.

Answer 76

Started in 1969. US would supply military and economic assistance but not soldiers to help nations defend themselves. Wanted to prevent another Vietnam so the US built up regional surrogate powers like Iran Israel. Wanted to ensure that USSR could not use instability in Third World to gain influence

Answer 77

Happened in 1973. Israelis taken by surprise by Egypt and suffered casualties and loss of the land from 1967 conflict. Nixon gave unlimited aid in massive airlift of supplies to Israel. Soviets and Kissinger worked out a cease-fire that was originally ignored by Israel. Kissinger dealt with the whole situation because Nixon was dealing with Watergate. Kissinger dealt with the whole situation because Nixon was dealing with Watergate. Kissinger made sure another cease-fire held up

Answer 78

Started by Kissinger during the Yom Kippur War and is when a third and outside country acts as the intermediary in another world conflict. There is no direct contact between the conflict countries. Kissinger did this in Cairo, Tel Aviv, and other capitals for two years. Led to Egypt-Israeli agreement in 1975.

Answer 79

From 1971 and allowed US to buy chromium from Rhodesia despite UN sanctions again Ian Smith's white minority government. In Africa and because Nixon was a racist.

Answer 80

Done by Carter in 1978. Singed by Egypt and Israel and promised each other peace in exchange for huge amounts of US aid. Negotiations led to self-government for the West Bank and Gaza. Framework for peace that Israel withdraws from Sinai in exchange for diplomatic recognition.

Answer 81

Soviets tried to block development of new US missiles but US refused to accept in 1977. Tried again in 1979 that tried to bring numerical equality in missiles (fueled arms race) but ended when USSR invades Afghanistan. US-Soviet relations deteriorate after this.

Answer 82

Called the year of miracles and happened in 1989 because of Gorbachev. Ends war in Afghanistan, improves relations with China, negotiates arms control agreement with US. Said USSR would not send troops to intervene in any uprising in Eastern Europe, leading to independence of Lithuania, Latvia, and Ukraine

Answer 83

Reagan wanted to increase nuclear arms but Congress voted against a freeze in 1983. Reagan blamed the media for using propaganda against it because of an ABC special called "The Day After"

Answer 84

Launched in 1983 and called "Star Wars" by Reagan. Antiballistic missile defense system above the atmosphere that is a laser or particle beam shield that could intercept Soviet ballistic missiles and destroy them in space.

Answer 85

1986 conference between Reagan and Gorbachev. USSR wanted an end to all nuclear arms by 2000 but Reagan wanted to keep SDI program and share it with Soviets. Still led to Washington Summit to remove all intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) and eliminated them all from both countries which was signed in 1987. Talks collapsed because while both sides wanted an end to ballistic missiles, Reagan refused to give up SDIs, which Gorbachev thought was non-negotiable.

US Diplomatic History Final Flashcards

(109 cards)