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S22 History 106 > U.S. History Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Clues Deck > Flashcards

U.S. History Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Clues Deck

1
Q

What were the Progressives?

A

wished to check big business. Reformers from both parties. Those with ability should fight corruption. Focused on urban problems

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2
Q

How did economic output change from 1900 to 1910?

A

Output increased by 85 percent and farm prices grew by 50 percent. Most people were better off

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3
Q

How many cities did the US have with populations of over 100 thousand?

A

50 cities

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4
Q

What were the Muckrakers?

A

Writers who made it a practice to expose the wrongdoings of public figures and corporations in business and politics between 1903 and 1909

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5
Q

Who were some Muckrakers?

A

Samuel Adams, Ida Tarwell, Upton Sinclair

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6
Q

What did Samuel Adams write in 1906?

A

The Great American Fraud

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7
Q

Who wrote about Standard Oil abuses?

A

Ida Tarbell

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8
Q

Who was Upton Sinclair?

A

Writer who drew attention to the bad conditions in meatpacking industry and how it was not only bad for workers but for consumers

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9
Q

What did Upton Sinclair publish in 1906?

A

The Jungle

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10
Q

What was Upton Sinclair worried about?

A

working conditions of workers. And meat packing conditions

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11
Q

What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?

A

1906: government regulates some food and medicine industries to hold them to higher standards of quality; people had become upset about tainted milk that was killing some kids

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12
Q

What was the Meat Inspection Act?

A

law passed that said government inspectors would be inspecting factory meat to make sure it’s safe to eat

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13
Q

When was Ford Motor Company founded?

A

1903 by Henry Ford

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14
Q

When was the assembly line established?

A

In 1913 by Henry Ford

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15
Q

What is an oligopoly?

A

State of limited competition in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.

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16
Q

What were some oligopolies?

A

Standard Oil, Consolidated Tobacco, and US Rubber

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17
Q

What was the Triangle Shirtwaist company?

A

Located in NYC. Employed mostly young immigrant women. Terrible safety conditions and starvation wages. Women worked 12 hours a day every day of the week. 4 elevators, but only 1 worked and only 1 stairwell. 80 thousand protested for better conditions

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18
Q

What was the Triangle Fire of 1911?

A

Broke out on the 8th floor. Women jumped from windows and down the elevator shaft because it could only hold 12 people. Lasted only 18 minutes. 39 women jumped down the elevator shaft. 58 women jumped out of windows to their death

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19
Q

What was a consequence of the Triangle Fire?

A

people start demanding better work conditions, a week after the fire 80,000 people protested in New York

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20
Q

How did immigration change from 1901 to 1910?

A

8.8 million new immigrants into the country. From 1911 to 1920, another 5.7 million arrive

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21
Q

Where were these immigrants coming from?

A

Mostly Eastern Europe, and they were more likely to be Jewish or Catholic and were less educated than previous waves of immigrants

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22
Q

How many new immigrants entered the country from 1900 to 1920?

A

14.5 million immigrants. More than ever before

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23
Q

What were Birds of Passage?

A

Italian immigrants who came to the US to work, but weren’t intending to stay

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24
Q

When did Mexican immigration take off?

A

After 1900.

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25
Q

How much of the Mexican population moved to the Southwest after 1900?

A

10 percent of the Mexican population

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26
Q

How did the Mexican immigrants help with the Southwest?

A

construction of highways and agriculture

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27
Q

What major strike happened in Lawrence, Massachusetts?

A

Workers of 25 different nationalities went on strike in 1912 against wage reductions and called the IWW for help. Achieved 25% raise. Lawrence had lots of textile mills

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28
Q

When was the silent movie. “Birth of a Nation” produced?

A
  1. Inspired a second Ku Klux Klan
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29
Q

What was “Birth of a Nation”?

A

early silent film, it depicted white Southerners as heroes and black people as rapists and criminals. Very racist but very popular

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30
Q

What was the political goal of progressivism?

A

sought cures for city, state, and national problems

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31
Q

What were the primary aspects of progressivism?

A

worried about industrialization, optimistic about human nature, wanted voluntary reform, believed in intervening in people’s lives, use both science and religion to tackle social problems

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32
Q

Intellectual progressivism

A

believed in the power of reason instead of religion to solve problems

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33
Q

Cultural progressivism

A

new advances in literature, art, film, especially after WWI

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34
Q

What were different social justice movements?

A

Housing reform, child labor laws, and improved conditions of women

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35
Q

Who saw alcohol as evil?

A

Temperance advocates, churches

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36
Q

What was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union?

A

Wanted to eradicate alcohol. 19 states had prohibitions on alcohol

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37
Q

What was the 18th amendmant of 1920?

A

Prohibited the consumption or sale of intoxicating liquor.

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38
Q

What was the 19th amendment?

A

You could not deny someone the right to vote on account of sex

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39
Q

What was the 17th Amendment?

A

Direct election of senators

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40
Q

What were trusts?

A

Arangements that gave trustee legal power to manage someone else’s money or company without saying they own it.

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41
Q

What was trust busting?

A

Government action aimed at breaking up trusts and monopolies, which were both ways of consolidating wealth and keeping out competitors so robber barons could set the prices

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42
Q

What are examples of Roosevelt’s trust busting?

A

Northern Securities Company, American Tobacco, DuPont, Standard Oil

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43
Q

When was the Northern Securities Company dissolved?

A

1904 under the Sherman Antitrust Act

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44
Q

What was the Anthracite Coalmine Strike of 1902?

A

United Mine Workers strike for better pay and fewer hours. Roosevent sent in commisioner of labor Carroll Wright to negotiate, which failed. Roosevelt then sent in federal troops to work the mines. A compromise was soon reached

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45
Q

Who were the United Mine Workers led by?

A

John Marshall

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46
Q

Who was the spokesperson for the coal mines?

A

George Baer

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47
Q

What was the Square Deal?

A

Roosevelt’s domestic political plan: Conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection

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48
Q

What was the result of the 1904 election?

A

Roosevelt (Republican) ran against Alton Parker (Democrat) and Eugene Debs (Socialist). 336 electoral college votes for Roosevelt and 140 for Parker

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49
Q

Who saw socialism as the best alternative to capitalism?

A

Eugene Debs

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50
Q

Who organized the Social Deocratic Party?

A

Eugene Debs in 1896

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51
Q

Who organized the Socialist Party of America?

A

Eugene Debs in 1901

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52
Q

How many times did Eugene Debs run for president?

A

5 times

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53
Q

When had the social Democratic Party become the Socialist party?

A

1912

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54
Q

What did socialists want?

A

People to take control of the means of production and a graduated income tax. Wanted to see an end to the US Senate. Wanted president’s veto power to be gone and to keep congress from refusing legislation

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55
Q

How many acres of land were protected by 1901?

A

45 million.

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56
Q

How many acres of land were protected by 1908?

A

195 million

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57
Q

How many national forests were there by 1910?

A

149

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58
Q

What was a major part of Teddy Roosevelt’s legacy?

A

Conservation of national forests

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59
Q

Why did Roosevelt decide to run again in 1912?

A

He wasn’t happy with Taft. He failed to get a nomination

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60
Q

What was the Progressive Party?

A

Formed by Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. Had New Nationalism

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61
Q

What was the platform for the Progressive party?

A

New Nationalism

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62
Q

What were the main points of new nationalism?

A

Strong national government, social justice reforms, primary election of senators, corporate regulation, graduated income tax, banking reform, women’s sufrage, and labor legislation

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63
Q

What was the platform for the Democratic Party?

A

New Freedom

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64
Q

What were the main points of new freedom?

A

Business competition and small government, prevent special privilege and restore competition, social justice reforms, and a free economy

65
Q

What did Europeans think about war?

A

War was a thing of the past. They wanted progress, prosperity, and peace

66
Q

Who was Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd?

A

Leader of Germany. Wanted an empire like Britain’s

67
Q

What was the Triple Alliance of 1882?

A

Alliamce between Germany, Austria Hungaian Empire, and Italy

68
Q

Why were there so many ententes and alliances between 1882 and 1907?

A

Countries saw this as a way to avoid war and to ensure that if war did happen, they would have allies. France and England in particular were scared by the rise of a unified Germany

69
Q

What was an Entente Cordial?

A

Agreement between Britain and France that said we should help each other out

70
Q

What was the Bosnia crisis of 1909?

A

Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia after it’s been under the control of the Ottomans, Bosnians and other Balkan states want independence

71
Q

What was the event that began World War 1?

A

Archduke Franz Ferndinand was assasinated in Bosnia by Gavril Princip

72
Q

What was the Black Hand?

A

Serbian nationalist organization (anti-empire, wanted Serbia to rule itself); Gavril Princip was a member of it

73
Q

Why did Germany declare war on Russia?

A

Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia a few days before; Russia was an ally of Serbia and it started mobilizing to defend Serbia; Germany was an ally of A-H so it declared war on Russia

74
Q

Why did Britain declare war on Germany?

A

alliances–it had alliances with Russia and France, also it wanted to protect Belgium’s neutrality

75
Q

Who were the allies of World War 1?

A

Britain, France, Russia, and Spain

76
Q

Who were the central powers?

A

Germany, Austrian Hungaian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

77
Q

How long did World War 1 last?

A

4 years from 1914 to 1918

78
Q

How many deaths resulted from World War 1?

A

20 million deaths

79
Q

Why did trench warfare emerge?

A

weapons were so brutal that the only protection was to be underground; trenches provided some protection

80
Q

What were new technologies in world war 1?

A

Tanks, flamethrowers, grenades, and aircrafts, and mustard gas

81
Q

Who supported the Allied Powers during WW1?

A

The majority of Americans–they identified with England bc of shared history, language, culture

82
Q

Who supported the Central Powers?

A

German Americans, Irish Americans.The German-Americans obviously supported Germany and the Irish supported Germany because they HATED England

83
Q

How did Wilson try to balance US sovereignty with isolationism?

A

Wilson tried to stand up to Germany when he thought they were out of line, but not going as far as to declare war. He gave loans to both sides although way more in loans to the Allies

84
Q

What was the RMS Lusitania?

A

British passenger ship with 2000 people

85
Q

When did the Lusitania sink?

A
  1. German U boat torpedoed Lusitania. 1200 people died, including 128 Americans.
86
Q

What pushed many Americans to go to war with Germany?

A

Lusitania sinking, Zimmerman telegram

87
Q

Why did the US want to remain neutral?

A

US had a lot of immigrants from all over Europe with different loyalties, and a habit of being isolationist that went back to the Monroe doctrine (staying out of Europe’s hemisphere and they stay out of the US’s). Didn’t want to become involved in a war that could be divisive to the US as well

88
Q

What was unrestricted submarine warfare?

A

Germany says it will sink any boats in water around England–it’s trying to starve Britain into submission and it thinks this will prevent neutral countries from trying to trade with England. It does the opposite because US is mad that its sovereignty is not being respected and says that if its ships are attacked, that will be an act of war

89
Q

What was the Sussex Pledge?

A

Agreement that Germany would not attack ships without first searching them and providing time for crew and passengers to get off the ship. Revoked in 1917

90
Q

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A

German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman proposes alliance between Mexico and Germany. If the US starts declaring war on Germany, get Mexico to declare war on the US. Germany receives an ally on Ameria’s border. Mexico receives Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

91
Q

When was the fall of Russian Tzardom?

A

March 1917 when the Communist Revolution happened. Russia pulled out of the war. All major allies are now democratic

92
Q

When did Congress declare war on Germany?

A

April 1917

93
Q

What is the Comimitte on public information?

A

established during World War I to turn every channel of communication and education to promote the war effort.

94
Q

What was the Espionage Act of 1917?

A

Outlawed disclosing information of military resources

95
Q

What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

A

Made it illegal to speak out against how the government was controlling the war

96
Q

What ws the Trading with the Enemy Act?

A

Gave Wilson the ability to control trade, even in the business sector

97
Q

What was the War Industries Board?

A

Created to coordinate and channel production in the United States by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to support the war efforts of the United States and its allies.

98
Q

What was the Food Administration Board?

A

Created to provide further for the national security and defense by encouraging the production, conserving the supply, and controlling the distribution of food products. Employed Herbert Hoover

99
Q

What were Wilson’s 14 points?

A

Wilson’s proposal for ending the war. Nations should be able to self determine. Free trade and freedom of the seas. Forming of the league of nations

100
Q

What was the most important of Wilson’s 14 points?

A

Proposes a League of Nations

101
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Ended World War 1. Germany’s military restricted to 100 men during the treaty of Versailles. Germany must pay reparations

102
Q

How was the Treaty of Versailles different than what Wilson wanted?

A

Wilson didn’t want Germany to be punished too severely but it got overruled by France and England, which were still mad at Germany. They saw Germany as the ones who started the war. Germany can’t have a military, they are held responsible for all the war costs which destroys their economy

103
Q

What was the 19th Amendment?

A

Granted women the right to vote. Ratified in 1920

104
Q

What was the 48th state to ratify the 19th amendment?

A

Tennessee

105
Q

What was the Red Scare?

A

Russian revolution of 1917 stoked fear of communist infiltration

106
Q

How many communists were in the US in 1919?

A

60 thousand

107
Q

Who was General Mitchell Palmer?

A

Predicted a communist upheaval in 1920. Illegally arrested and deported people

108
Q

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

A

Italian immigrants and anarchists who wished for a socialist utopia in USA. Arrested for participating in a robbery in Massachusetts and murder

109
Q

What was the Roaring Twenties?

A

Age of flappers, speakeasies, and soaring stock market

110
Q

Why did the culture change so much in the 1920s?

A

US had lost more than 100,000 men in the war; people were questioning the institutions (government and religion) they had trusted, young men who had fought overseas had experienced European culture which was more relaxed, women had worked outside of the home and experienced more freedom–this led to a more relaxed relationships between the sexes–people start dating, drinking, it’s OK for women to smoke and drink, dances become more active, women wearing shorter skirts

111
Q

By 1920, what nation had the highest standard of living on Earth?

A

U.S.

112
Q

By 1929, how many American families owned a vehicle?

A

Half of all American families

113
Q

What were flappers?

A

Women with short hair, short skirts, make up, many smoked and drank alcohol

114
Q

What did prohibition cause?

A

increased crime. Era of bootlegging

115
Q

What was the 21st Amendmant?

A

Ended prohibition

116
Q

When was the 18th Amendment ratified?

A

1919

117
Q

Who founded the second Ku Klux Klan?

A

William J Simmons in 1915. Had 5 million members. Had to be a white Anglo Saxon to be a member.

118
Q

What movie helped form the KKK?

A

Birth of a Nation; it presented black people as rapists and animals

119
Q

Who did the KKK dislike?

A

Blacks, Jews, Catholics and immigrants

120
Q

Where was the second KKK controlled?

A

Controlled legislatures in Texas, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Indiana

121
Q

What did you have to do to me a member of the second KKK?

A

Sign a fee and be white

122
Q

When did the second KKK end?

A

1930

123
Q

What was the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921?

A

Restrict numbers of immigrants coming from Europe to 3% from each country based on the 1910 census

124
Q

What was the National Origin Quota Act of 1924?

A

Promoted by the KKK and anti-immigrant feeling especially against Jewish and Catholic immigrants. Only 150 thousand from Europe. A country’s immigration was capped at 2% of their numbers in the 1890 census.

125
Q

Why were Mexicans exempted from immigration laws?

A

We still needed them for labor

126
Q

What was the Scopes Trial?

A

John Scopes charged by state of Tennessee for teaching evolution in schools. Clarence Darrow defended him and William Jennings Bryan was the prosecution lawyer. Scopes was convicted, but released on technicality

127
Q

When was the Republican Party dominant?

A

1920s. Controlled the White House from 1921 through 1933

128
Q

When did Warren G Harding run?

A

1920 through 1923. Wanted to bring the US to how it was before the Great War

129
Q

When did Calvin Coolidge run for president?

A

1923 through 1928. Promised a hands off approach to big business. Let the economy do what it wants.

130
Q

Who was Herbert Hoover?

A

Ran from 1928 to 1932. Defeated Democratic candidate, Al Smith. First Quaker in office

131
Q

What was the Bonus Army?

A

Hoover promised in 1924 that servicemen would receive a bonus for their service, in 1945

132
Q

How were prices in 1929?

A

400% higher than in 1924. People would pass time with investing in stocks

133
Q

What was the Great Depression?

A

Economic depression in 1929 where stocks collapse

134
Q

What was Black Thursday?

A

In 1929, stocks lost half of their total value. Over 10 billion dollars vanished from the stock market within 5 hours. 16 million shares were traded.

135
Q

What was the impact of the Great Depression?

A

Banks curtailed lending: global ripple effect. 26 thousand businesses failed and the economy fell by 50%

136
Q

How many banks fell from 1929 to 1932?

A

5500 banks failed

137
Q

What did Herbert Hoover push for?

A

Voluntary cooporation. The government should assist, not regulate businesses.

138
Q

What were Hoovervilles?

A

shantytowns built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression

139
Q

What was the Hawley Smoot Tariff?

A

Called for by Hoover. Raised already high taxes on imports.

140
Q

How many Americans were unemployed by 1933?

A

25% or 13 million Americans

141
Q

What did Franklin D Roosevelt say at the 1932 convention?

A

“I pledge you, I pledge myself to a New Deal for the American people”.

142
Q

When did Franklin D Roosevelt take office?

A

1933

143
Q

What was the Emergency Banking Act?

A

bank holiday where all banks were to be shut down. Only strong banks could reopen with federal support

144
Q

What was the FDIC?

A

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

145
Q

What were fireside chats?

A

Series of evening radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944, so Americans get to hear him in the comfort of their own homes explaining how he’s going to try to help their situation

146
Q

How many new laws were made within the first 100 days of Roosevelt’s presidency?

A

15 new laws

147
Q

What was the First New Deal?

A

dealt with the pressing banking crisis through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act.

148
Q

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority?

A

750 million works program to built hydroelectric dams in 7 states

149
Q

What was the Civillian Conservation Corp?

A

employee program for young men 18-25 in rural towns

150
Q

What was the National Industrial Recovery Act?

A

designed to cut down on competition between businesses. Fair competition, fixed wages and prices. Ruled unconstitutional

151
Q

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act?

A

solved overproduction to aid farmers

152
Q

What was Dustbowl?

A

in the 1930s, drought covered virtually the entire plains for almost a decade. Resulted in agricultural depression, which contributed to the Great Depression bank closures, business losses, and increased unemployment

153
Q

Who ran in 1928?

A

Huey Long. He wanted a Share Our Wealth program. Assasinated in Baton Rouge

154
Q

Who was Huey Long?

A

Wanted a Share Our Wealth program. Everyone gets 2000 to 2500 dollars per year

155
Q

What was the Social Security Act of 1935?

A

welfare system for elderly, disabled, and unemployed. Gave unemployment insurance funded through employer payroll tax.

156
Q

What was the Wagner Act of 1935?

A

Allowed unions to organize without any government interference. You can’t use the power of the government to break up strikes

157
Q

What was FDR’s court packing?

A

Wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 9 judges, to 15 judges. Wanted to also remove judges over 70 years old. Both parties were opposed

158
Q

Who was John Maynard Keynes?

A

wrote the book, “The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money”. Argued large scale government spending necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate economic activity during downturns. Spend your way out of a recession.

S22 History 106 (33 decks)

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