us history final Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
what was the battle of trenton?
A
On Christmas day at night, Washington’s soldiers began crossing the Delaware River. The next morning, they surprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians.
2
Q
federalism
A
divided power between national and state governments
3
Q
what motivated europeans to come to colonies in north america?
A
practice their religions freely, make money, etc.
4
Q
colony
A
an area settled by immigrants or their descendants who remain subjects of the mother country
5
Q
mercantilism
A
ultimate goal was self-sufficiency and all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver
-export more than you import, balance of trade
6
Q
navigation acts
A
no country could trade with colonies unless…
-goods shipped on english ships
-had to pass through english port
-wanted to ensure england would be primary beneficiary in colonial trade
7
Q
salutary neglect
A
relaxed enforcement in return for loyalty
8
Q
indentured servitude
A
a worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.
9
Q
seeds of self-government
A
Although governors had power of colonies, colonial assembly’s paid the governors salary and influenced the governor from the approval of laws to the appointment of judges.
10
Q
how did the french and indian war lead to tensions with british?
A
gb was broke after the war, so they tax the colonies
-americans became aware that they were only seen as a way for the british to gain money
11
Q
french and indian war
A
a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes) for possession of land
12
Q
treaty of paris
A
-gb claimed east mississippi
-spain (france ally) got new orleans and louisiana
13
Q
proclamation of 1763
A
colonists believed gb didn’t care about them
14
Q
sugar act
A
law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies
15
Q
stamp act
A
-passed by pm george grenville
-purchase stamped paper for every legal doc, license, newspaper, pamphlet, etc.
16
Q
how did colonists resist the stamp act?
A
-“No taxation without representation”
^declaration of rights and grievances
17
Q
townshend acts
A
indirect tax, materials=glass, lead, paint, etc.
-imported materials (tea)
18
Q
how did colonists resist townshend acts?
A
-boycott british goods
19
Q
what led to the boston massacre?
A
the quartering of british soldiers in colonists homes & competition between british soldiers and colonists for the same jobs
20
Q
committee of correspondence
A
-massachusetts and Virginia
-communicate to other colonies about threats to American liberties
21
Q
intolerable acts
A
In 1774 Parliament passed a series of laws, the Coercive Acts, to punish the rebellious colonists.
22
Q
what action did the colonists take after intolerable acts? (1774)
A
-50 delegates met in philadelphia for dec of colonial rights
23
Q
Lexington and Concord
A
first battles of the Revolutionary War
24
Q
samuel adams
A
American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence
25
sons of liberty
A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution
26
daughters of liberty
organization of colonial women formed to protest British policies
27
declaration of rights and grievances
petition to the king urging him to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce
28
boston tea party
protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor
-cause=beic hit hard by taxes, tea act
29
martial law
type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended
30
first continental congress
September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts
31
minutemen
citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minute's notice
32
second continental congress
They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence
-paper money
33
battle of bunker hill
-thomas gage=strike @ breeds hill
-sent 2400 gb troops
-over 1k deaths, bloodiest
34
olive branch petition
-most colonists and delegates felt loyal to king
-blamed bloodshed on king's ministers
-return to former harmony
-he said colonies in rebellion, sent naval blockade
35
common sense
-thomas paine, attacked king
-lexington and concord=hand of the king
-freedom=american destiny, allow free trade, aid from gb enemies
-social and economic opportunities for all
36
thomas paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)
37
john locke
English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights
38
patriot
farmers, artisans, merchants, landowners, elected officials, 50% of population
-nathanael greene, james armistead, etc
39
loyalist
charles inglis=clergyman, joseph brant=mohawk chief, isaac wilkins
40
saratoga
A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
41
valley forge
Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops
42
profiteering
-selling goods that are "broken"/scam for high price
43
fredrich von steuben
a German officer who was helping turn the American soldiers into a professional army.
44
marquis de lafayette
French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.
45
general charles cornwallis
British general who fought the Patriots in the south; surrounded at Yorktown and surrendered to George Washington
46
battle of yorktown
Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
47
egalitarianism
A belief in the equality of all people
48
republic
A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting
49
republicanism
A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
50
northwest ordinance of 1787
a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union
51
shays' rebellion
daniel shays, too much taxation, farmers like him demanded that courts close
52
great compromise
roger sherman, 2 houses, equal rep in senate, population in house of rep
53
3/5 compromise
3/5 of slaves would be counted for, rep and tax
54
separation of powers
dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
55
legislative branch
laws
56
judicial branch
interpret laws
57
checks and balances
used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch
58
electoral college
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president
59
judiciary act
-supreme court w/ chief justices, 5 associate justices
-3 fed circuit courts and 13 fed districts
-section 25= state court decisions=appealed by fed court is unconstitutional
60
alexander hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
61
thomas jefferson (differences)
-sharing power
-fear of absolute power/ruler
-democracy of farmers
-strict on constitution
-bank=unconstitutional
-econ based on farming
-payment of national debt
-plain ppl support
62
cabinet
dep of state=foreign affairs= thomas jefferson
dep of war=henry knox
dep of treasury= alexander hamilton
edmond randloph=attorney general
63
bank of the united states
a national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors
64
two party system
An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.
65
excise tax
a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country
66
executive branch
-carry out laws
67
Rise of the Republican Party
Emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into American territories after the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
68
What event helped Lincoln ensure reelection?
shut down major southern port, chased confeds out of valley in northern virginia, victories in the north
69
What were the provisions of Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850?
To satisfy the North: California would be admitted to union as a free state. To satisfy South: new and more effective fugitive slave law. To satisfy both: allowing residents of territories of New Mexico and Utah popular sovereignty. Federal government would pay Texas $10 million to surrender its claim to New Mexico (North was happy because it limited slavery in Texas to within its current borders. South was happy because money would help defray Texas' expenses and debts from war with Mexico .
70
What action did Stephen Douglas take on Clay's compromise that helped it pass?
He unbundled the pack of resolutions and reintroduced them hoping to obtain a majority vote for each measure individually. Death of president Taylor aided his efforts.
71
What is the Fugitive Slave Act?
An act that allowed the capturing of runaway slaves, part of the comp of 1850. Alleged fugitives were not entitled to a trial by jury and fugitives couldn't testify on their behalf , statement by slave owner was all that was needed to have slave returned.
72
Who is Stephen A. Douglas?
Politician from Illinois who picked up compromise of 1850 after senate rejected it.
73
What effect did the Kansas-Nebraska act have on the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
It repealed the Missouri Compromise (the comp admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation.)
74
Personal Liberty Laws
Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed that they would have jury trials. Northern lawyers dragged trials out (3-4 years) slave capturers expenses. 9 states passed.
75
Underground Railroad
Free African Americans and abolitionists created secret network of people who would risk themselves to aid slaves in their escape
76
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave and despite disability from being hit in the head, she became strong enough to eventually escape. She made 19 trips back to the south and helped 300 slaves.
77
Bleeding Kansas
Antislavery settlers founded a town called Lawrence so proslavery posse of 800 armed men burned down headquarters, destroyed newspapers printing presses and looted many houses and stores. When this news reached an abolitionist, he thought that this killed 5 people so he dragged 5 men from their beds in proslavary settlement and killed them. This triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas. 200 were killed so people called it "Bleeding Kansas"
78
What were the different beliefs that Lincoln and Douglas had on ending slavery?
Douglas: pop sov, slavery wasn't immoral but a backwards labor system. Lincoln: Slavery is immoral, tried to make Douglas look like a defender of slavery.
79
What was the response to John Brown's raid in the North and South?
In the south, Brown was viewed as a lunatic and the raid was seen as an act of terrorism. However, in the north, the raid was viewed with much more sympathetic eyes.
80
Dred Scott
Slave from Missouri. Owner took him North of Missouri Comp line where they lived together in free territory. Later, returned to Missouri where owner died to Scott began lawsuit for freedom.
81
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln challenged Douglas to 7 open air debates on slavery. Douglas showed confidence, paced back and forth, used fists. Lincoln delivered speech solemnly using direct and plain diction.
82
John Brown
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
82
confederacy
the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
83
jefferson davis
President of the Confederate States of America
84
How did the Civil War begin?
Confederate troops attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina. Union forces surrendered.
85
What was especially damaging to the Union about Virginia's secession?
They lost more states such as Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
86
What was the Union's military strategy?
Anaconda Plan:
developed by Winfield Scott
1.navy blockade southern ports, no export of cotton and no import of manufactured goods
2.Go down Mississippi and split Confederacy in two
3. Capture Richmond Virginia - Confederate capitol
87
What was confederacy's military strategy?
"defensive strategy": gaining military and economic aid from European countries, demoralizing the North's will to wage and continue the war, and defending the South at its borders.
88
Describe new weapons and other changes in warfare?
Invention of ironclad, rifle, and minie ball.
89
fort sumter
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
90
bull run
1st real battle, Confederate victory, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side
91
George McClellan
union general, 1st commander, overly cautious, fired by Lincoln
92
Ulysses S. Grant
union general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877).
93
Shiloh
Sneak attack - confeds surprised union forces, both sides learned they needed scouts, long, deadly, bloody war
94
David Farragut
Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge
95
Robert E. Lee
originally was asked to be union general but became Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
95
Why did Britain remain neutral during beginning of Civil War?
They found sources of cotton elsewhere so they didn't need the south. Northern wheat and corn replaced cotton as an essential import.
96
How did president Lincoln and president Davis deal with political dissent?
Lincoln responded forcefully with dissent, and even sent troops to Maryland when a crowd attacked a Union Regiment. He also instated Habeas Corpus. Davis first opposed this, but found later that it was needed to keep the South together.
97
copperhead
Northern democrats who wanted peace
98
new york draft riot
poor people crowded into slums, crime and disease ran rampant and poverty was a problem. poor white workers though it unfair that they should fight war to free slaves and they feared that african americans would compete for jobs. when officials began to draw names for draft, mobs rampaged killing more than 100 people.
98
How did slaves aid the fight for freedom in the South?
forced to build fortifications, work as blacksmiths, nurses, boatmen, and laundresses, and to work in factories, hospitals, and armories
99
How were prisoners of war treated?
- conditions worse than army camps
- no shelter
- no clean water
- lack of food
- overcrowding
- many died from the complications of the camp (malnutrition, pneumonia)
100
fort pillow
site of Confederate massacre of more than 200 African American war prisoners
101
life of a civil war soldier
soldiers had poor living conditions- dirty, disease ridden, bad diet
102
medicine during the civil war
some helpful, many harmful
102
clara barton
Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
103
andersonville
The most infamous prison in the south. There was no shelter. There was a huge population, and there were food shortages, overcrowding, and disease that killed about 100 men a day during the summer months.
103
How did Gettysburg Address change the way Americans thought of the U.S.? What reasons did Lincoln give in the Address for why Union fought war?
respect soldiers fighting and the ones who lost their lives, respect soldiers that gave us our freedom in the first place and continue their work
104
Describe the battle at Gettysburg and its outcome.
Hurt the south so badly that Lee would never have sufficient forces, turning point of the war, Lee's army never attacks North (fights defensive war), leads to Gettysburg Address
105
Summarize the final events of the war leading to the surrender at Appomattox.
President Davis abandoned capital setting it afire to keep north from taking it, flames destroyed 900 buildings, Lee and Grant met to arrange confed surrender, grant sent lee soldiers home with food etc
105
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war
106
March to the Sea
union destroyed southern towns, anticipate end of war, use of total war, Lincoln almost didn't win reelection so people thought war was almost over.
106
Appomattox Court House
Confeds surrender, generous terms, war ends
107
How did the North and South differ by the 1850s?
North industrialized with products like farm equipment and guns, used railroads to transport goods, and immigrants from Europe entered workplace and had a strong opposition to slavery. The South remained mostly plantations and farms, economy relied on cotton, used rivers to transport goods, and few immigrants settled there.
108
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
Proposed that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any territory the U.S. might get as a result of war with Mexico (california + territories of utah and new mexico would be closed to slavery forever). It divided congress along regional lines. North supported, South opposed.
109
Why didn't the Wilmot Proviso pass?
The Senate, equally divided between free states and slave states could not muster the majority necessary for approval.
110
What problems were created by California's application for statehood?
They forbade slavery which scared southerners, and General Taylor felt that the south could counter abolitionism by leaving slavery up to individual territories rather than congress and southerners saw this as a move to block slavery and they began to question whether South should be in the union.
110
Define secession
The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union
111
popular sovereignty
Right of resident of a territory to vote (people decide)
111
How did northern states and abolitionists get around the Fugitive Slave Act?
They organized vigilance committees to send endangered African Americans to safety in Canada. Others resorted to violence.
112
What was the impact of the publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin?
More than a million copies sold, delivered message that slavery was not just a political contest but also a great moral struggle.
112
What caused the violence in Kansas?
Settlers from both North and South poured into the Kansas territory. Thousands of "border ruffians" from slave state Missouri crossed into Kansas with revolvers and voted illegally. They won a fraudulent majority for proslave candidates. This eventually led to Bleeding Kansas (see that card for more info on what triggered the violence)
113
What caused the violence on the floor of the United States Senate?
Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner gave a speech called "The crime against Kansas" where he verbally attacked colleagues in support of slavery such as Andrew P. Butler. Butler's nephew was upset about this attack so he hit Sumner on the head so many times he suffered brain damage and shock. Southerns applauded him. "Bleeding Senate"
114
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Divided area into two territories (Nebraska North and Kansas South), giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery.
114
What was the effect of the Dred Scott decision on the nation?
Decision was that slaves did not have the rights of citizens and that because Scott was living In Missouri when he began his lawsuit, he had no freedom. Court decided Missouri Comp was unconstitutional which led to the expansion of slavery.
115
Harpers Ferry
Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves
115
Why did the election of Lincoln lead to the formation of the confederate states of america?
This was the final straw for many Southerners, as they feared that his presidency would result in the end of their way of life.
116
election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
116
What were the results of the Battle of Antietam?
bloodiest single day battle, North found South's plans, Emancipation proclamation issued right after, union soldiers can fight to free people (makes it worth it)
117
ironclads
Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.
117
stonewall jackson
general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)
117
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the war?
It would discourage Britain from confed. It was a strategy. After this, compromise wasn't an option, fight to death
118
Habeas Corpus
a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
118
Emancipation Proclamation
all slaves in confederate states free
119
conscription
a draft that would force certain members of population to serve in both union and confed.
120
What were the living conditions for soldiers during the war?
More troops died of diarrhea and dysentery than were killed in battle. Contaminated food and water supplies, cramped and unsanitary conditions combined to increase the risk and spread of disease. The inadequacy of clothing, shelter, and food was also a factor
120
What was the experience of African American soldiers in the union army?
performed all noncombat support functions that sustain an army,
120
Explain the decline of the Southern economy. Explain the expansions of the northern economy.
The Union's industrial and economic capacity soared during the war as the North continued its rapid industrialization to suppress the rebellion. South decline: a result of the decline in cotton production associated with the end of slavery and the breakup of the plantation system.
120
regional economies
not only did the plantation system decline, but also included inflation and a new type of federal tax.
121
Describe Grant's siege of Vicksburg.
Food supplies ran so low, confederacy cut in two (mississippi river), confeds surrender, turning point
121
From which parts of the world did immigrants come to the United States after 1870?
southern and eastern europe
122
what reasons did people from other parts of the world have for immigrating to the United States?
-escape religious persecution
-rising population
-sought independent lives
123
what difficulties did immigrants face on their journey to the united states?
-many traveled in steamship, steerage
-bad conditions
124
what were the two major ports of entry on each coast?
-ellis island= NY harbor
-angel island= San Francisco bay
125
ellis island
-physical exam
-government inspector
-women could not enter alone
-european immigrants
126
angel island
-west coast
-primarily chinese
-harsh, worse conditions
127
nativism
favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people
128
chinese exclusion act
This act banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. In 1892, Congress extended the law for another ten years. In 1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefinitely; the law was not repealed until 1943.
129
gentlemen's agreement
Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
129
urbanization
the growth of cities
130
americanization movement
education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture
131
social stratification
the organization of people into social classes by wealth
131
tenement
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety
132
social gospel movement
-washington gladden
-a 19th-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty
133
settlement houses
a community center providing assistance to residents—particularly immigrants—in a slum neighborhood
134
jane addams
American social worker and activist; she was the co-founder of Hull House, an organization that focused on the needs of immigrants. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
135
progressive movement
an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life
135
what were the four goals of the progressive movement?
-protecting social welfare
-promoting moral improvement
-creating economic reform
-fostering efficiency
136
social mobility
the ability of families or individuals to move into a higher social class
137
florence kelley
American reformer who worked to improve the lives of women and children; she became general secretary of the National Consumers' League in 1899, lobbying for improved factory conditions and child labor laws
138
prohibition
the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages
139
eugene debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.
-american socialist party
140
muckrakers
one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s
140
ida m tarbell
journalist who published a devastating but factual expose of the Standard Oil Company
141
NACW
-josephine ruffin, managed nurseries, reading rooms, kindergartens
-african american women
142
susan b. anthony
-no african american men suffrage while women were still denied
american social reformer; she was active in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's suffrage movements and was co-organizer and president of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
143
vassar college
one of the first colleges to start accepting women in 1865. (other colleges included Smith and Wellesley) many other universities established a separate college for women
144
NAWSA
-NWSA united with NAWSA
-National american woman suffrage association
145
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically
146
economic interests
-growth of american industry had desire for new overseas markets and colonies for raw materials
-sanford dole=hawaii
-minor c. keith= united fruit company
-sugar cane=cubs/hawaii
147
development of a naval power
-key to becoming world power
-colonies needed bases and coaling stations
-alfred thayer mahan=the influence of sea power upon history
148
great white fleet 1660-1783
-build up navy, 2 ocean navy, pacific and atlantic
-find an area in pacific (hawaii) use for resupply, etc.
-cut a canal through central america (panama)
149
social darwinism
applied to nations... might makes right
-cult of progress=idea that strongest nations lead world
150
white mans burden
-duty of america as a christian nation to spread christianity and civilization to the "backward" peoples of the world
151
queen liliuokalani
the last queen of Hawaii and was overthrown by a group of American planters when she tried to return government power to Hawaiians
151
william seward
-sec of state under lincoln and johnson
-1807=arranged for US to but alaska from russia for 7.2 mill
152
nationalism
devotion to interests and and culture of nation
-competitie and antagonistic rivalries among nations
-feared germany's growing power
-russia=protector of slavic, serbia
-austria-hungary=rivals influence over serbia
153
militarism
development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
154
allies
-the triple entente
-france, britian, and russia
155
central powers
the triple alliance= germany, austria-hungary, ottoman empire, (italy)
156
archduke franz ferdinand
1914
-heir to austria
-visited sarajew=bosnian capital
-serbian nationalist gavrilo princip shot him and his wife sophie
-black hand member caused austria to declare war
157
lusitania
-americans died, truned against germany and central powers
158
sussex pledge
-promised not to sink w/o warning
159
zimmerman note
-1917 by german ambassador in mexico, mexican alliance
-intercepted by GB promising texas, NM and AZ, US entered WW1
160
eddie rickenbacker
pilot, used to be a racecar driver
-fought the flying circus= german air squadron led by "red baron" manfred von richthofen
-american ace of aces
161
selective service act
-mandatory registration, draft lottery
-some resistance but limited conscious objector
162
convoy system
a group of merchant ships sailing together under the protection of larger and/or more heavily armed ships. The system was created to help better protect cargo and passengers on ships that were sailing through treacherous waters.
163
american expeditionary force
-general john j pershing, doughboys
164
john j pershing
-american expeditionary force
165
alvin york
conscientious objector, killed 25 germans with 6 other dough boys, captured 132 prisoners
166
conscientious objector
not fighting because of religious beliefs
167
armistice
an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
168
WIB
war industries board
-efficiency, standardizing products
169
bernard baruch
-chairman of WIB
170
committee on public information
propaganda agency
-visual and oral
-what states had most recruits and war bonds
171
george creel
-committee on public information
-former muckraking journalist
172
espionage and sedition acts
-person could be fined up to 10k and 20 yrs in jail for interfering with war effort
-violated spirit of 1st amendment
173
great migration
large-scale movement of southern blacks to cities in the north
174
wilson's 14 points
-the principles making up President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace following World War I.
-no secret agreements between nations
-lower tariffs to facilitate free trade
-military cutbacks and freedom of the seas
-international organization
-self determination
175
treaty of versailles
Leaders of the victorious nations gathered at Versailles outside Paris to work out the terms of peace, and President Wilson traveled to Europe to ensure it.
176
league of nations
an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace.
177
isolationism
opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries
178
sacco and vanzetti
-victims of the red scare
-italian immigrants and anarchists
-arrested and charged with robbery and murder of factor paymaster and guard
-provided evidence it wasn't them, sentenced to death
-protests in US, Europe, Latin America
179
quota system
-1921
-limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation admits each year
180
john l lewis
-united mine workers of america
-founder of congress of industrial organizations, helped win labor victories such as sit down strike
181
zora neale hurston
-eatonville florida
-spent time traveling with theater company, howard university
-struggled to the top of AF-AA society
182
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
-urged to protest racial violence
183
james weldon johnson
poet, lawyer, NAACP, executive secretary
-3 anti-lynching bills introduced to congress
184
marcus garvey
-immigrant from jamaica=AA's should build a separate society
-universal negro improvement association
-opened offices in urban ghettos to recruit officers
-oratory, mass meetings, parades, etc.
-"back to africa" movement
-support declined after convicted of mail fraud, jailed
185
harlem renaissance
intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics, and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s
186
claude mckay
novelist, poet, Jamaican, major figure
187
langston hughes
best- known poet, international rep
188
duke ellington
American jazz pianist, composer, and leader of his eponymous jazz orchestra from 1923 through the rest of his life.
188
bessie smith
-blues singer
-highest paid black artist
-"Saint Louis Blues"
189
balance of powers
allies and central powers
-no nation would attack another out of fear an ally would join the fight
