us history: ww2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
deflation
A
decrease in general price of goods and services
2
Q
price support
A
gov would buy surplus crops at guaranteed prices and sell them on world market
3
Q
credit
A
borrow money now and repay it later
4
Q
Alfred E. Smith
A
career politician, governor of NY, opponent for president
5
Q
Dow Jones Industrial Average
A
measure based on prices of stocks of 30 largest companies, stock market health
6
Q
buying on margin
A
pay small % of stock price as down payment, borrowing the rest
7
Q
black tuesday
A
October 29th, stock prices fell sharply
8
Q
great depression
A
1929-1940, economy in severe decline, millions of people unemployed
9
Q
hawley-smoot tariff act
A
highest protective tariff, protection from foreign competition, had the opposite effect
10
Q
shantytown
A
a neighborhood in which people live in makeshift shacks, “hoovervilles”
11
Q
dust bowl
A
Kansas, Colorado, NM, Nebraska, Dakotas, Oklahoma, TX, drought hit great plains, more than 7 yrs
12
Q
direct relief
A
giving money/food by government directly to people, NYC=2.39 weekly per family
13
Q
Herbert Hoover
A
president during the great depression
14
Q
boulder dam
A
-construction of a dam on Colorado river
-finance it by using profits from sales of electric power that dam generated
-agreement on water rights, river basin
-made jobs “American pyramid”
15
Q
federal home loan act
A
-1931
-lower home mortgage rates and allowed farmers to refinance loans
16
Q
reconstruction finance corporation
A
-1932
-provide emergency finance to banks
-life insurance
-companies, railroads, large business
-trickle down to average citizen
-business failures continued
17
Q
bonus army
A
-ww1 vets and families in DC=bonus expeditionary force
-supported patman Bill=bonus to vets who hadn’t been compensated
-hoover disbanded them
-he thought they were communists
18
Q
what action did Hoover take to remedy the depression?
A
-gov agencies
-indirect relief through states
-no federal money for direct help, believed it would damage public morale
19
Q
why was Hoover reluctant to help?
A
-believed that aid would cause people to lose their incentive to work
20
Q
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
A
-2 term governor of NY
-cousin of former president Theodore roosevelt
-“can do” attitude=victory
21
Q
New Deal
A
-program to alleviate problems from depression, financial reform
22
Q
Glass-Steagall
A
-1933 law
-established fed deposit Insurance corp to protect bank accounts
23
Q
Federal Securities Act
A
-may 1933
-corporations must provide complete info on all stock, liable for misrepresentations
-no “rigging”
24
Q
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
A
-raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of lands unplanted, lowering production
25
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
-part of new deal
-put young unemployed men to work building roads, parks, trees, flood control
26
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
-provided money to states
-jobs to create schools and community buildings
-NRA=set prices of products and standards, right to unionize
27
deficit spending
spending more money than it receives in revenue
-stimulated economic recovery
28
Huey Long
-senator CA
-share-our-wealth
-something for everyone
29
Hundred Days
-needed to establish american's confidence
-expanded fed gov role in lives
-change relationship between fed and state gov
30
Which New deal programs provided relief for farmers and workers?
Agricultural Adjustment Act
31
Why was the FERA a dramatic departure from the Hoover administration policies?
-help needy, provide direct relief rather than being cautious like Hoover
32
Dorthea Lange
-photographer
-documented American life during depression and new deal
-spent time getting to know migrant workers
-polio as a child, helped her connect
33
Eleanor Roosevelt
-used her influence in democratic national committee
-universal declaration of human rights
34
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
-agency in 2nd new deal
-provided jobs, construction, garment making, teaching, arts
-henry Hopkins, former FERA
35
National Youth Administration (NYA)
-2nd new deal
-provided young with aid and employment
-in exchange students worked part time at school
36
Wagner Act
-protect workers right to unionize
-collective bargaining with employers
-no unfair labor practices
37
Social Security
-1935
-provide aid to retirees, unemployed, disabilities, families with dependent children
38
What was the second new deal, why did FDR launch second hundred days?
-unemployment remained
-provided more extensive relief
39
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
-insure and protect bank depositors' funds against loss in the event of a bank failure
40
National Labor Relations Board
-protects the rights of private sector employees to join together, with or without union
-collective bargaining
41
Securities and Exchange Commission
-restore investor confidence in capital markets by providing investors and the markets with more reliable information
42
Joseph Stalin
-communist state for agricultural and industrial growth
-no private, large gov owned farms
-all econ activity=placed under state management
-eliminate anyone who threatened power, 8-13 mil deaths, famines
-russia
43
Totalitarian
-gov has complete control over citizens
44
Benito Mussolini
-italy
-played on fears of economic collapse + communism
-nationalism and fascism
italian king appointed him head of gov
45
Fascism
centralized nationalistic gov headed by dictator
-interests of state above individuals
46
Adolf Hitler
-joined national socialist German workers party
-nazi party, no socialism
-private army=stormtroopers/brown shirts
-appointed chancellor, third reich
-german
47
Nazism
political philosophy
-nationalism, racism, military expansion
-unite all German speaking people
-racial "purification"
48
Hideki Tojo
-control of Japan
-chief of staff of Japan's army
-invasion in China
49
Neville Chamberlain
-winston Churchill rival
-believed Hitler would stop taking land
-appeasement
50
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII, thought that Great Britain and France signed an appeasement (giving up principals to pacify aggressor) and he was mad
51
appeasement
giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
52
nonagression pact
-stalin signed with hitler
-hitler claimed germans mistreated by poles, secret pact to divide Poland with stalin
53
blitzkrieg
lightning war, advance in tech to take enemy by surprise
54
What factors contributed to the rise of authoritarian govs after WW1?
democratic govs without experience
-people turned to authoritarian leaders
55
How did League of nations respond?
-hitler pulled out
-he sent troops to rhineland
-they did nothing
56
How did France and GB respond to Germanys actions?
-promised to protect poland
-munich agreement=no shots fired
-appeasement
-finally declared war on Germany
-soviets attacked Poland, Poland ceased to exist
-ww2 began
57
What was the "phony" war?
-war had turned into sitzkrieg=sitting war
-after occupying eastern poland, stalian annexed baltic estonia, latvia, and lithuania
-1940=hitler launched surprise attack on denmark and norway, netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg
58
What was the result of the battle of Britain?
-navy could not compete with Britain, air war @ same time
-luftwaffe=bombing runs over Britain
-raf=radar, accurately plotted paths of German planes, shot down
-germans invented rockets v-1 and v-2
59
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
60
Kristallnacht
The Night of Broken Glass. Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany and Austria. 100 Jews killed, hundreds more injured, 30,000 arrested, hundreds of synagogues burned. Jews were blamed for the destruction.
61
The St. Louis
Ship that reached the U.S. but was turned around and returned to Europe even though people on the ship had the papers to enter the U.S. More than half of the passengers killed in the Holocaust.
62
Neutrality Acts
outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war, extended the ban on arms, sales, and loans to nations engaged in civil wars
63
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
64
Selective Training/Service Act
-10 mil men 21-35 registered, 1 mil drafted for 1 year
65
cash and carry
allowed warring nations to buy US arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships. FDR argued it would help France and Britain defeat Hitler and keep the U.S. out of war. Isolationists attacked FDR for this.
66
Lend-Lease act
-1941
-allowed US to ship arms w/o immediate payment to nations fighting against axis powers
67
Atlantic charter
-dec of principles
-US and GB=set forth goals in defeating axis powers
-ordered navy to shoot German submarines on sight
68
embargo
an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
69
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.
70
How did the US end up in an undeclared war with Germany?
-convoys and attacking merchant ships
71
George Marshall
United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959)
72
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)
u.s. army unit created during WW2 to enable women to serve in non combat places
73
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation
74
War Production Board (WPB)
Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.
75
Manhattan Project
code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
76
A. Phillip Randolph
He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.
77
James Farmer
-created Congress of Racial equality
-rights sit-in in chicago
78
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
interactive group that worked on getting rid of segregation in the north
79
How did scientists help the war effort?
The scientists viewed the atomic bomb as the most ambitious scientific enterprise in history, it was also the best-kept secret of the war.
80
Dwight D. Eisenhower
American General who began in North Africa and became the Commander of Allied forces in Europe.
81
Omar Bradley
American general who led the ground forces at D Day
82
D-Day
The invasion of France to liberate Europe from Germany, needed place for materials, weather is bad, men being dropped off in the open because the tanks didn't make it to the sand, soldiers had to go through water, up beach, then up hill, if D Day fails, the allies fail, if it is a success, the allies have a chance, D Day is successful (men's bravery and courage)
83
George Patton
Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.
84
Battle of the Bulge
Americans captured first german town so Germany broke through Allied lines. Tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory creating a bulge in the lines. captured 120 American GI' s German troops herded them into large field and mowed them down with machine guns. Battle lasted 1 month. Germans pushed back and lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks / assault guns, and 1600 planes. Nazis could do little but retreat.
85
Why was the battle of Stalingrad a significant turning point?
Nightly bombing raids setting nearly every wooden building on fire, house by house in brutal hand to hand combat, eventually Germans surrendered, Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers, Soviet victory was turning point because they began to more towards Germany
86
What happened in the war in North Africa
Germany established control of much of North Africa. The British and Americans pushed the Germans out of Africa permanently.
87
What significant city did George Patton and the third army liberate in France?
Paris
88
Douglas MacArthur
American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.
89
Bataan Death March
-forced march of americans captured by Japanese, prison camp
90
Chester Nimitz
United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966)
91
Battle of Midway
US broke Japanese code and knew Midway was next target, Japan stopped with torpedo planes and dive bombers. Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planes. Japanese said that the Americans "avenged Pearl Harbor". Turning point in the war --> US began island hopping (winning back from Japan)
92
Island hopping
Us strategy developed in fighting Japan
93
kamikaze
Japanese aircrafts carrying explosives meant for suicide bombing.
94
Guadalcanal
battle of land, sea, and air=island of death
95
Why did the Japanese fight so hard on Iwo Jima?
Iwo Jima was a base from which heavily loaded bombers might reach Japan. Most heavily defended spot with 20,700 Japanese troops, 6000 marines died, only 200 Japanese survived. - fought to protect their homeland
96
Okinawa
Because they would not surrender no matter what. (Battle: US marines invaded, Japanese unleashed more than 1900 kamikaze attacks, sinking 30 ships, damaging 300, killing 5000 seamen. In the end, 7600 Americans and 110,000 Japanese died. 2 generals chose suicide over shame of surrender)
97
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
98
Harry S. Truman
33rd president of the United States (1945-53), who led his country through the final stages of World War II
99
J. Robert Oppenheimer
lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."
100
United Nations (UN)
-sec of state=cordell hull= working with leaders on nations
-50 nations met in SF
-mary McLeod bethune= us rep, only woman of color
101
Potsdam conference
-stalin would not keep promise of free elections
-soviets wanted reparations from Germany to help pay back losses, Truman objected
-tension
102
Nuremberg Trials
Held Nazi officials accountable for their actions during the war: War Crimes, and Crimes against Humanity.
103
G.I. Bill of Rights
Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education
104
What happened May 8th 1945?
-victory in europe day
105
What important promise did Stalin break by the time the allies met for a final conference?
free elections
106
What plan did the allies implement of Germany after war?
-US, GB, France and Soviet Union= reparations from their zone
-german navy and merchant fleet= divided by US GB and Soviet union
107
great depression causes
-tariffs and war debt policies reduced foreign market for American goods
-overproduction in farming and industry
-availability of easy credit
-unequal distribution of income
108
allies
Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.
