Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 10 Week 4 > Usera > GI > Flashcards

Usera > GI Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anatomically distinct segments of the GI tract?

A 
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
colon
rectum
anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when are congenital abnormalities usu discovered?

A

shortly after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why are congenital abnormalities suspected?

A

regurgitation during feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why do you have to correct GI congenital defects promptly?

A

bc they are incompatible w/ life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 4 types of congenital GI abnormalities?

A

agenesis
atresia
stenosis
duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is agenesis?

A

absence of esophagus

VERY RARE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are duplication cysts?

A

saccular & elongated cystic masses that contain redundant smooth muscle layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where can you find duplication cysts?

A

may be present in the esophagus, small intestine, or colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is atresia?

A

a thin, noncanalized cord replaces a segment of esophagus > mechanical obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where are the blind pouches in atresia?

A

proximal at the pharynx

distal at the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does atresia MOST COMMONLY OCCUR?

A

at the carina of the trachea (bifurcation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what 3 things is atresia a/w?

A

congenital heart defects
genitourinary malformations
neurologic dz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in atresia, what may connect to the bronchus or trachea?

A

a fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can fistulas in atresia lead to?

A

aspiration
suffocation
pneumonia
severe fluid & electrolyte disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common type of atresia: fistulas or blind pouches?

A

the one w/ blind pouches, NOT fistulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is stenosis?

A

an incomplete form of atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is the stenosed lumen narrowed?

A

d/t fibrous thickening of the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what kind of obstruction does stenosis cause?

A

complete or partial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where can you get stenosis?

A

any part of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the most common form of congenital intestinal atresia?

A

imperforate anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you get imperforate anus?

A

failure of the cloacal diaphragm to involute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

incomplete formation of the diaphragm & abd viscera herniates into the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what can a diaphragmatic hernia cause?

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is omphalocele?

A

incomplete closure of the abd musculature & abd viscera herniates into the ventral membranous sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

can you surgically repair an omphalocele?

A

yessirreebob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T/F: omphalocele is a/w other congenital abnormalities

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is gastroschisis?

A

similar to omphalocele

ventral wall defect involving ALL LAYERS of the abd wall from peritoneum to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T/F: ectopia is uncommon in the GI tract

A

FALSE

common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the most frequent site for ectopic gastric mucosa?

A

inlet patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where does an inlet patch occur?

A

in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what can result d/t GI ectopia?

A

dysphagia
esophagitis
Barrett esophagus
adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does pancreatic tissue ectopia occur?

A

esophagus & stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

pancreatic tissue ectopia is usu asymptomatic, but it can cause what?

A

damage + local inflammation > obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is gastric heterotopia?

A

ectopic gastric tissue in the small bowel or colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how does gastric heterotopia present?

A

occult blood loss d/t peptic ulceration of the adjacent mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is the normal mucosa of the esophagus (histo) (3 layers)?

A
  1. nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the 3 histo layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis propria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the esophageal submucosa composed of?

A

loose CT w/ submucosal glands

39
Q

what is the esophageal muscularis propria composed of?

A

inner & outer longitudinal smooth muscle

40
Q

what are the 7 lesions that may cause esophageal obstruction?

A
  1. nutcracker esophagus
  2. esophageal spasm
  3. diverticula
  4. webs
  5. rings
  6. stenosis
  7. achalasia
41
Q

what are webs?

A

ledgelike protrusions of the mucosa into the upper esophagus lumen

42
Q

what is the main sx of webs?

A

dysphagia

43
Q

what is Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome, aka Plummer-Vinson syndrome (how many names can one syndrome have for christ sake)

A

ESOPHAGEAL WEBS
IRON DEF ANEMIA
glossitis
cheilosis

44
Q

what 3 things are assoc w/ esophageal webs?

A

GER
GVHD
blistering skin dz

45
Q

what are schatzki rings?

A

circumferential thick protrusions into the lower esophagus lumen

46
Q

what do rings consist of?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
(i.e. all the layers)

47
Q

what is a true diverticulum?

A

outpouching of the alimentary tract that contains ALL VISCERAL LAYERS

48
Q

what is a false diverticulum?

A

outpouching of MUCOSA & SUBMUCOSA ONLY (no muscularis propria!)

49
Q

what are the 3 types of diverticula?

A

Zenker
Traction
Epiphrenic

50
Q

where is a Zenker diverticulum?

A

above the upper esophageal sphincter

51
Q

where is a Traction diverticulum?

A

middle esophagus

52
Q

where is an Epiphrenic diverticulum?

A

above the lower esophageal sphincter

53
Q

what is esophageal stenosis?

A

narrowing of the lumen d/t fibrous THICKENING of the SUBMUCOSA + ATROPHY of the MUSCULARIS PROPRIA

54
Q

what causes esophageal stenosis?

A

inflammation + scarring d/t…

  1. GER
  2. irradiation
  3. caustic injury
55
Q

what is the clinical presentation of esophageal stenosis?

A

progressive dysphagia

first for solids, then liquids

56
Q

what is achalasia?

A

increased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter d/t impaired smooth muscle relaxation

57
Q

what 3 things characterize achalasia?

A
  1. incomplete LES relaxation
  2. increased LES tone
  3. aperistalsis of the esophagus
58
Q

what is primary achalasia d/t?

A

failure of the distal esophageal inhibitory neurons

59
Q

what is secondary achalasia d/t?

A

CHAGAS DZ

infxn > destroys myenteric plexus > peristalsis fails > esophageal dilation

60
Q

what bug causes chagas dz?

A

trypanosoma cruzii

61
Q

what are the 3 treatments for achalasia?

A
  1. laparascopic myotomy
  2. pneumatic balloon dilatation
  3. botulinum toxin injxn
62
Q

what dzs can mimic achalasia (6, sorry)?

A
  1. diabetic autonomic neuropathy
  2. malignancy
  3. amyloidosis
  4. sarcoidosis
  5. lesions of dorsal motor nuclei
  6. surgical ablation
63
Q

what is a mallory-weiss tear?

A

longitudinal tear that usu crosses the EG jxn

64
Q

what are mallory-weiss tears a/w?

A

retching d/t acute alcohol intoxication

65
Q

how long are mallory-weiss tears?

A

range from mm to cm

66
Q

where do mallory-weiss tears USU occur?

A

cross the EG jxn

but they can ALSO occur at the proximal gastric mucosa

67
Q

do mallory-weiss tears require surgical intervention?

A

nope

but you would think that they would

68
Q

what is Boerhaave syndrome?

A

distal esophageal rupture + mediastinitis

69
Q

T/F: Boerhaave syndrome is benign

A

FALSE

rare & catastrophic!!

70
Q

what is esophagitis?

A

inflammation of the esophageal mucosa

71
Q

what 6 things can cause esophagitis?

A
  1. gastric reflux
  2. infectious
  3. drug use (pills)
  4. irradiation
  5. trauma
  6. corrosive agents
72
Q

what is the most common outpt GI dx & the most common cause of esophagitis?

A

REFLUX esophagitis

73
Q

what is the clinical condition a/w reflux esophagitis?

A

gastroesophageal reflux dz (GERD)

74
Q

why do you get GERD?

A

decreased LES tone

75
Q

what things can cause GERD (8 things, i don’t think you need to memorize)

A
  1. booze
  2. tobacco
  3. obesity
  4. CNS depressants
  5. pregnancy
  6. hiatal hernia
  7. delayed gastric emptying
  8. inc gastric volume
76
Q

what are the 2 clinical features of reflux esophagitis?

A

dysphagia

heartburn

77
Q

what are the treatments for reflux esophagitis?

A

proton pump inhibitors

H2 histamine receptor antagonists

78
Q

what agents can cause esophageal infxn (esophagitis)?

A

Herpes simplex
CMV
fungus (candida, mucormycosis, aspergillus)

79
Q

who gets esophagitis?

A

anyone, but most often immunocompromised pts

80
Q

how can you dx esophagitis histologically?

A

viral cytopathic effects (lots of little shit in one cell)
OR
hyphae if it’s fungal

81
Q

what are the clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis?

A

food impaction
dysphagia
proton pump inhibitors do NOT work
no reflux

82
Q

what is the treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis?

A

steroids or dietary restriction

83
Q

what age group gets eosinophilic esophagitis?

A

kiddlies

84
Q

what is a hiatal hernia?

A

separation of the diaphragmatic crura & protrusion of the STOMACH into the thorax

85
Q

what is Barrett esophagus?

A

intestinal metaplasia w/i the esophageal squamous mucosa

86
Q

what is Barrett esophagus a complication of?

A

chronic GERD

87
Q

what does Barrett esophagus increase your risk for?

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

88
Q

what determines the treatment for Barrett esophagus?

A

presence of high grade dysplasia

89
Q

what are the histo findings a/w Barrett esophagus?

A

higher nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio

hyperchromaticity

90
Q

how do you get adenocarcinoma?

A

arises in the background of Barrett esophagus & long-standing GERD

91
Q

what are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma (there are 10 i’m so sorry)

A
  1. alcohol
  2. tobacco
  3. poverty
  4. caustic esophageal injury
  5. achalasia
  6. Plummer-Vinson
  7. frequent consumption of hot beverages
  8. nutritional def
  9. polycyclic hydrocarbons
  10. nitrosamines
92
Q

what type of cancer has dramatically DECREASED in the western world? which one has INCREASED?

A

DEC: SCC
INC: adeno

93
Q

what should you look for on histo for SCC?

A

totally dysplastic squamous cells

Block 10 Week 4 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions