USHT final review- semester 2 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
New Deal =
A
name of Roosevelt’s program for getting the US out of the depression
2
Q
The New Deal most benefitted…
A
the elderly and men
3
Q
How does the New Deal change how people see the gov’t?
A
People were happy because it helped improve lives from the great depression, but also upset because it expanded roles of the gov’t
4
Q
Deficit Spending =
A
Government spending more than it gets from taxes
5
Q
Political Left
A
Those who wish to change the current social and political system or power structure; democrats
6
Q
Civil Works Administration CWA
A
Emergency work relief program, put more than 4 million people to work during the winter of 1933
7
Q
Civilian Conservation Corps
CCC
A
Provided work for young men 18-25
8
Q
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
A
attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936
9
Q
Work Progress Administration
WPA
A
Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to action
10
Q
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
FDIC
A
a federally sponsored corp. that insures accounts in nationals banks and other qualified institutions
11
Q
Eleanor Roosevelt
A
FDR’s wife. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women
12
Q
Social Security Act
A
(FDR) guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health
13
Q
Black Cabinet
A
Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president
14
Q
Court Packing Plan
A
President FDR’s failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges
15
Q
National Labor Relations Board
A
Created under the Wagner Act, continues to act as a mediator in labor disputes between unions and employers. Protects rights of workers
16
Q
FDR
A
President during WW2 and Depression. Only President in history to be elected 4 terms
17
Q
Hitler and the Nazi Party
A
1921, Hitler becomes chairman of the National Socialists German Worker’s Party (Nazis) Wanted to make Germany stronger. Believed blue-eyes, blond haired “Aryans” were superior race. Was appointed chancellor.
18
Q
Mein Kampf
A
“My Struggle” by Hitler, later became the basic book of Nazi goals. Has future plans for Germany in it.
18
Q
Japanese Militarists
A
Islands of Japan growing crowded, gov’t under civilian control, military had strong nationalist beliefs, they wanted to expand their country for more living space.
19
Q
Axis Powers
A
Germany, Italy, Japan
20
Q
Where did US fight during WW2?
A
Western and southern Europe, the Pacific and North Africa
21
Q
Who did the US want to defeat first in WW2?
A
Germany
22
Q
Allied Powers
A
Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States
23
Q
Munich Conference
A
1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany’s territory any further.
24
Neutrality Acts
Originally designed to avoid American involvement in WW2 by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to G.B and other Allied nations.
25
Lend-Lease Act
1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security. Loaned weapons.
26
Causes of WW2:
Hitler violating the Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Munich appeasement policy, annexation of Austria, rise of dictatorship, non - aggression pact
27
Island Hopping Strategy
WW2 strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands that were important to the Allied advance toward Japan. Allowed them to avoid heavy concentrations of enemy forces
28
Eisenhower
US general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany
29
Normandy
A region in northern France and the site of the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944
30
D-Day
The turning point of WW2
31
US enters WW2
December 1941, because of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Axis was winning
32
St. Louis Ship
A German ship crowded with 930 Jewish refugees, is turned away by Cuba, the US and other countries and returns to Europe
33
The Final Solution
Hitler's program of killing all Jewish people
34
The Holocaust
The mass murder of Jews
35
Concentration Camps
Prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany
36
Nuremberg Trials
Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, and war crimes
37
Truman and the bomb
Truman decides to drop a bomb to prevent an invasion of Japan and to shorten the war. Bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This led to Japan's surrender a few days later.
38
The Home Front
Americans supporting the war effort by buying bonds, volunteering and more.
39
WW2 Rationing
Americans would have to ration many goods such as bread, sugar meat, to help contribute to the American war effort
40
Financing WW2
- borrowing (war bonds)
- taxes
- wage controls
41
Contributions of Women
Women on the Home Front worked in defense plants and volunteered for war-related organizations
42
Rosie the Riveter
symbol for women in the workplace and women's independence
43
Pearl Harbor Attack
Japanese attack American naval base and air forces in Oahu; US declares joins WW2
44
African American Soldiers
They were not played in active combat roles. They were fighting for other countries rights while not having equal rights at home
45
Internment of Japanese Americans
Japanese Americans were placed in camps because the gov't was afraid of spies and sabotage during WW2 after Pearl Harbor
46
Korematsu v. US
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000
47
Cold War
The power struggle between the Soviet Union and the US after WW2
48
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state
49
Containment
Adopted by Truman, to contain communism
50
Truman Doctrine
Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped by Greece and Turkey
51
Marshall Plan
A plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
52
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city.
53
Soviet Blockade
A Soviet strategy that involved isolating Germans to make the Allies surrender Berlin; it was unsuccessful due to an airlift.
54
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
55
Establishment of Israel
May 14, 1948. Israel becomes a country. Truman recognizes it. Lots of countries support.
56
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee- accused people of being communists and "blacklisted" them.
57
Hollywood Ten
Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood
58
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
59
U2 Incident
The incident where an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War.
60
Francis Gary Powers
American pilot shot down in his U-2 spy plane, captured and convicted of spying.
61
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. China and Soviet Union helped North Korea.
62
End of Korean War
1953 cease-fire agreement with almost same borders as before. Korea still divided. MacArthur fired by Truman.
63
Suburbs
Residential areas surrounding a city. Lots of Americans moved to them.
64
Interstate Highway Act
1956, Eisenhower, 20 year plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history.
65
GI Bill
Law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations.
66
Integration of Armed Forces
On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed this executive order establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, committing the government to integrating the segregated military.
67
22nd Amendment
Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents
68
JFK
35th President of the United States didn't believe in segregation; president during the Cuban Missile Crisis, President from 1961 - 1963. Televised debates worked in his favor.
69
New Frontier
Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wants to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military
70
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
71
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
72
Lyndon Baines Johnson
36th president, took over after JFK was assassinated, "war on poverty", continued Kennedy's programs, Great Society
73
LBJ's Great Society
War on Poverty, Medicare, HUD, Head Start, Community Action Programs. End poverty and racial injustice.
74
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional.
75
Gideon v. Wainwright
A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government
76
Miranda v. Arizona
The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police
77
de facto segregation
Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement
78
de jure segregation
Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.
79
NAACP on de jure segregation
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fought to end segregation. Legal strategy was to focus on school inequality.
80
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights
81
SNCC
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such
82
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
83
Thurgood Marshall
American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.
84
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, and so triggered the national civil rights movement
85
Montegomery Bus Boycott
A political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. Led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.
86
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. He opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations.
87
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means.
88
Malcolm X
Argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965
89
Nation of Islam - Malcolm X
A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans
90
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Gave all citizens right to enter and use public accommodations
91
Urban riots in 1960s
This happened in black cities as anger grew over poverty, segregation, and police violence
92
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage. Got rid of literacy tests, and more voters could be enrolled.
93
Freedom Riders
Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation.
94
Little Rock Nine
In September 1957, the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
95
Robert Kennedy
He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was assassinated in 1968.
96
Jackie Robinson
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
97
Stokely Carmichael
Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He said black power was a call for black people to begin to define their own goals.
98
Black Panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. They advocated self-sustainability.
99
Cesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
100
Equal Rights Amendment
A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.
101
NOW
National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination. Wanted more rights for women.
102
Indian Education Act
Established the Office of Indian Education and the National Advisory Council on Indian Education, and provides federal funds for American Indian and Alaska Native education at all grade levels.
103
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam
104
Tactics in Vietnam War
bombs, agent orange, and napalm
105
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
106
Tet Offensive
Vietcong launched huge attack on 100 towns in south vietnam. Attacked us embassy and lasted for a month. No one really won. Changed public opinion to more antiwar.
107
Geneva Accords
Divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel.
108
1957 Election in Vietnam
Diem refused to take part in election because it may result in victory for Ho Chi Minh
109
JFK goals in vietnam
trying to contain communism and support South Vietnam
110
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 - Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam. Created after a U.S. ship was allegedly fired at by North Vietnam.
111
The Draft
Between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. military drafted 2.2 million American men. People were unhappy because they were volunteered and a lot of soldiers died.
112
Counterculture
Mostly while middle class college youths who grew disillusioned with the war in vietnam, killing of president, and racial injustice.
113
Nixon
Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States
114
Watergate
The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
115
Gerald Ford
1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon
116
Pardon of Nixon
In his first month in office, President Gerald Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime he might have committed in office. (watergate)
117
New Right
focused on controversial social issues, opposing abortion, blocking the ERA, and evading court-ordered busing. Called for a return to school prayer (outlawed).
118
Moral Majority
Jerry Falwell formed it. consisted of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally, they condemned liberal attitudes and wanted traditional moral values back.
119
Ronald Reagan
First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict.His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
120
Federal Spending Reagan
Federal spending increased during his presidency
121
Side Supply Economics
Economic theory which says that reducing tax rates stimulates economic growth
122
Strategic Defense Initiative
Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
123
Glasnost and Perestroika
Glasnost is a policy that means openness. Perestroika means economic restructuring.
124
Iran Contra Scandal
A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
125
Iran Hostage Crisis
In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages' release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.
126
1980 Election
Carter v. Reagan. Reagan wins after promising to restore economic health.
127
End of Cold War
Berlin Wall came down, Soviet Union collapses, INF treaty
128
Persian Gulf War
Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one-sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.
129
Election of 1992
Bill Clinton wins
130
George W. Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001.
131
Domestic Agenda
Passed the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Clinton's tried to pass a National Healthcare Reform Program in 1993, but it failed in Congress
132
September 11, 2001
On September 11, 2001, a group of Islamic terrorists, widely believed to be part of the Al Qaeda network, hijacked three commercial airliners in midair, took over the controls, and deliberately crashed them into the Pentagon and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in Manhattan.
133
Iraq War Justification
The US claimed the intent was to "disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people"
134
Order of the Presidents
FDR (1933-1945)
Truman (1945-1953)
Eisenhower (1945-1961)
JFK (1961-1963)
Johnson (1963-1965)
Nixon (1969-1974)
Ford (1974-1977)
Carter (1977-1981)
Reagan (1981-1889)
H. W. Bush (1989-1993)
Clinton (1993-2001)
