Using Resources (Paper 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Define a ceramic
A
A non-metal solid with a high melting point that isn’t made from carbon based compounds
2
Q
Give some examples of ceramic materials
A
Clay, glass
3
Q
What are 2 different types of glass?
A
soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass
4
Q
What is soda-lime glass made up of?
A
A mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate
5
Q
What is borosilicate glass made up of?
A
sand and boron trioxide
6
Q
Which type of glass has a higher melting point?
A
borosilicate glass
7
Q
What are composites made of?
A
One material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of a material are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder.
8
Q
In composites, define the reinforcement
A
the fibres or fragments of a material
9
Q
What does fibreglass consist of?
A
fibres of glass embedded in a matrix of polymer
10
Q
What is the density and strength of fibreglass?
A
It has a low density like a plastic and is strong like glass
11
Q
What does carbon fibre consist of?
A
The reinforcement is either made from long carbon chains or carbon nanotubes
12
Q
What is a use of fibreglass?
A
Making skis, surfboards and boats
13
Q
What is a use of carbon fibre?
A
Aerospace and sports car manufacturing
14
Q
What are the properties of carbon fibre?
A
It is very strong whilst also light
15
Q
Define aggregate
A
any material made from fragments
16
Q
What does concrete consist of?
A
Sand and gravel embedded in cement
17
Q
What are the properties of concrete?
A
Strong, dense and heavy
18
Q
What is wood composed of?
A
Cellulose fibres held together in an organic polymer matrix
19
Q
What are the two main factors that can influence the properties of a polymer?
A
How its made and what its made from
20
Q
How is low density polyethene made?
A
From ethene at a moderate temperature under high pressure and with a catalyst
21
Q
What is a property of low density polyethene?
A
Flexible
22
Q
What are the uses of low density polyethene?
A
Bags and bottles
23
Q
How is high density polyethene made?
A
From ethene at a high temperature under low pressure with a catalyst
24
Q
What is a property of high density polyethene?
A
rigid
25
What are the uses of high density polyethene?
water tanks and drainpipes
26
What do the properties of polyethene depend on?
the catalyst used and the reaction conditions (pressure and temperature)
27
How can monomer properties affect a polymer?
Weak or strong bonds between monomers can change the properties of the polymer
28
What is an example of strongly bonded monomers?
the monomers in thermosetting polymers
29
How are the monomers bonded in thermosetting polymers?
They form cross links between polymer chains, holding them together in a solid structure.
30
What are the properties of thermosetting polymers?
Strong, hard and rigid
31
What is an example of weakly bonded monomers?
the monomers in thermosoftening polymers
32
How are the monomers bonded in thermosoftening polymers?
individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains
33
What is the main difference between thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers in terms of heating?
When heated, thermosetting polymers remain hard and rigid whereas thermosoftening polymers melt and can be remoulded
34
What are the properties of ceramics?
They are insulators of heat and electricity, brittle and stiff
35
What is the difference in properties between low and high carbon steel?
Low carbon steel is malleable whereas high carbons steel is very hard and inflexible
36
What is a property of stainless steel?
it is corrosion resistant
37
What is added to steel to form stainless steel?
chromium and sometimes nickel
38
What is steel made of?
small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to pure iron
39
What does bronze consist of?
copper and tin
40
What are common uses of bronze?
Medals, decorative ornaments and statues
41
What does brass consist of?
copper and zinc
42
Compared to bronze, what is a property of brass?
it is more malleable than copper
43
What are common uses of brass?
situations where lower friction is required eg water taps and door fittings
44
What do gold alloys consist of?
Gold mixed with sinc, copper and silver
45
What is pure gold described as?
24 carat
46
What is a property of aluminum?
low density
47
What is a property of an aluminum alloy compared to pure aluminum?
it is harder and stronger
48
What is a common use of aluminum alloys?
making aeroplanes
49
Define corrosion
Where metals react with substances in the environment and are gradually destroyed
50
What is an example of a metal that rusts easily?
iron
51
What needs to be present in order for iron to rust?
oxygen and water, both are present in the air
52
What is rust made up of?
Hydrated iron (III) oxide
53
What is the equation for iron rusting?
iron + oxygen + water -> hydrated iron (III) oxide
54
Why does aluminum rust less than iron?
When iron rusts, the rust produced is soft and flakes away - leaving more iron to rust on the surface. However when aluminum rusts, the rust is strong and doesn't flake away - forming a protective layer that sticks firmly to the aluminum
55
What are the four ways of preventing rust?
painting / coating with plastics
electroplating
oiling / greasing
sacrificial method
56
How does painting / coating with plastics prevent rusting?
It prevents the water and oxygen reaching the metal and reacting with it
57
How does electroplating prevent rusting?
This uses electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode. It can be used to coat the iron with a layer of a different metal that won't corrode away
58
How does oiling / greasing help prevent rusting?
It has to be used on moving parts, preventing the oxygen and water reaching the metal and reacting with it
59
How does the sacrificial method help prevent rusting?
By placing a more reactive metal with the iron, all the water and oxygen will react with the other metal instead of the iron
60
What are some examples of finite resources?
fossil and nuclear fuels (eg uranium and plutonium)
| minerals and metals found in ores in the earth
61
What are the social, economic and environmental effects of extracting metal ores?
Useful products can be made and it provides local people with jobs and brings money into the area
However mining ores is bad for the environment as it uses lots of energy and scars the landscape, produces waste and destroys habitats
62
What are the two ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores?
Bioleaching and phytomining
63
Define a low-grade ore
An ore without much metal in
64
What is the method for bioleaching?
Bacteria are used to convert copper compounds in the ore to soluble copper compounds, separating the copper from the ore in the process.
The leachate contains copper irons that can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
65
Define a leachate
The solution produced by bioleaching
66
What is the method for phytomining?
Growing plants in soil containing copper. The plants cannot use or get rid of the copper so it builds up in the leaves.
They are then harvested, dried and burnt in a furnace. The ash contains soluble copper compounds where the copper can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
67
What is the advantage of phytomining and bioleaching?
They have a smaller impact on the environment
68
What is the disadvantage of phytomining and bioleaching?
They produce copper slowly
69
How are metals recycled?
by melting them and recasting them in the shape of the new products
70
How is glass recycled?
The glass is crushed and reshaped
71
What is glass separated into before recycling?
they are separated by colour and chemical composition because not all glass can be reused
72
What does LCA stand for?
Life Cycle Assessment
73
What does an LCA look at?
every stage in a product's life to assess the impact it would have on the environment
74
What are the 4 different stages that need to be considered in an LCA?
1. getting the raw materials
2. manufacturing and packaging
3. using the product
4. product disposal
75
How can manufacturing and packaging pollute?
Harmful fumes eg carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride are released
However they can also reduce pollution by turning the waste products into useful chemicals
76
How can using a product affect the environment?
It depends on the product. Fuels can release harmful gases and fertilisers can leach into streams and rivers
Also, if a product is used for a long time it means less waste in the long term
77
How does product disposal affect the environment?
Landfills take up space and pollutes land and water. Energy is also used to transport waste to a landfill, causing pollutants to be released
Also, some products are incarcerated causing air pollution
78
Give the LCA comparing plastic and paper bags (stage 1 - raw materials)
plastic bag - crude oil
| paper bag - timber
79
Give the LCA comparing plastic and paper bags (stage 2 - manufacturing and packaging)
Plastic bag - compounds extracted from crude oil (fractional distillation then cracking and polymerisation). Waste is reduced as other fractions of crude oil also have uses
Paper bag - pulped timber is processed, using lots of energy and lots of waste is made
80
Give the LCA comparing plastic and paper bags (stage 3 - using the product)
Plastic bag - can be reused and used for uses other than shopping (eg bin liners)
Paper bag - can usually be used once
81
Give the LCA comparing plastic and paper bags (stage 4 - product disposal)
Plastic bag - recyclable, non biodegradable, will take up space in landfill and pollute land
Paper bag - recyclable, biodegradable, non-toxic
82
What are the disadvantages of LCAs?
1. hard to put numerical values on pollutant effects
| 2. can be biased to give companies positive advertising
83
Define potable water
Water that has been treated or is naturally safe for humans to drink
84
What is the difference between pure and potable water?
Pure is made of H20 only but potable contains other dissolved substances
85
What is a source of freshwater?
rain
86
Where can water collect when it rains?
```
Surface water (in lakes, rivers, reservoirs)
Groundwater (in aquifers)
```
87
Define an aquifer
A rock that traps water underground
88
What is the process of treating water?
Filtration - wire mesh then sand and gravel to filter out solids
Sterilisation - bubbling chlorine gas / ozone or ultraviolet light to kill any harmful bacteria or microbes
89
What are two expensive ways of treating water?
Reverse osmosis and desalination
90
Define reverse osmosis
Passing salty water through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through
91
Define desalination
Distilling water by evaporating it and collecting the steam
92
What are some water waste sources?
```
domestic waste (eg showering)
agricultural systems (nutrient run off)
```
93
What are the stages in sewage treatment?
1. Screening - removal of any large materials eg twigs
2. Sedimentation - standing in a settlement tank where heavy solids sink to the bottom to produce and lighter effluent floats on the top
3. Effluent removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion
4. Sludge is removed and transferred into large tanks and is broken down by anaerobic digestion
5. Waste water purified
94
Define biological aerobic digestion
When air is pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down any organic matter - including other microbes in the water
95
What does anaerobic digestion produce?
methane gas as it breaks down organic matter in sludge
96
What can methane gas and digested waste be used as when given off in sewage treatment?
an energy source - methane
| fertiliser - digested waste
97
What is the Haber process?
the process where ammonia is made from hydrogen and nitrogen
98
What is the symbol equation for the Haber process?
N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
99
Why is the Haber process well suited to an industrial scale?
the reactants aren't too difficult or expensive to obtain
100
Where are the reactants for the Haber process obtained?
Nitrogen from air
| Hydrogen from reacting methane with steam to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide
101
What is the process of reacting the hydrogen and nitrogen in the Haber process?
The reactant gases are passed over an iron catalyst with a temperature of 450 degrees C and a pressure of 200 atmospheres
The ammonia is formed as a gas and condenses in the condenser and is removed. The unused H and N are recycled so there is no waste
102
When reacting hydrogen and nitrogen, what eventually happens?
The reaction reaches a dynamic equilibrium because the reaction is reversible
103
What type of reaction is the forward reaction in the Haber process?
exothermic
104
Why are the reactants only heated to 450 degrees C in the Haber process?
Because the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of backwards reaction but the lower the temperature the lower the rate of reaction so it is a compromise between the maximum yield and speed of reaction
105
Why is the pressure 200 atmospheres in the Haber process?
because since there are 4 molecules on the left for every 2 on the right, pressure increases the percentage yield as well as the rate of reaction but any higher pressures and it would be too expensive and dangerous to manage
106
Why are formulated fertilisers preferable to manure?
they are more widely available, easier to use, don't smell and have just enough of all the required nutrients
107
What are the 3 essential elements in fertilisers?
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
108
What is the purpose of fertilisers?
replace missing elements in the soil that have been taken up by other plants or simply provide more of them, helping increase the crop yield
109
What do NPK fertilisers contain?
Nitrogen salts, phosphorus salts and potassium salts
110
What is ammonia used for?
the production of nitrogen containing compounds
111
How is nitric acid formed?
a series of reactions between ammonia, oxygen and water
112
How are ammonium salts formed?
Reacting ammonia with acids (eg nitric acid)
113
What is a use of ammonium salts?
fertilisers
114
What is the symbol and word equation for ammonium nitrate?
NH3 (ammonia) + HNO3 (nitric acid) -> NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate)
115
What is the industrial process of making ammonium nitrate?
The reaction is carried out in giant vats at high temperatures resulting in a very exothermic reaction.
The heat released is used to evaporate water from the mixture to make a very concentrated ammonium nitrate product
116
What is the lab process of making ammonium nitrate?
The reaction is a small scale involving titration and crystallization
Reactants are at a lower temperature than industry so less heat produced therefore sager
After titration, mixture is crystallised to form pure ammonium nitrate crystals
117
Why is crystallisation not used in industry?
it is a very slow process
118
Name 3 sources of potassium
potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and phosphate rock (all mined)
119
Why can't plants directly absorb phosphate rock?
the rock is insoluble
120
What 3 reactions produce soluble phosphates from phosphate rock?
- with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
- with sulfuric acid to produce calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
- with phosphoric acid to produce calcium phosphate
121
What is in a single superphosphate mixture?
calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate
122
What is in a triple superphosphate?
calcium phosphate
