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π‘΄π’†π’…π’Šπ’„π’Šπ’π’†πŸŽ€ > UTI > Flashcards

UTI Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

A

Infection involving any part of the urinary tract from kidneys to urethra, characterized by the presence of organisms in urine not due to contamination.

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2
Q

Which gender and age group is most commonly affected by UTIs?

A

Females under 50 years; after 50, more common in males.

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3
Q

What is the second most common infection in humans?

A

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), second to respiratory infections.

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4
Q

Define bacteriuria.

A

Presence of bacteria in the urine.

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5
Q

What does significant bacteriuria indicate?

A

Presence of bacteria in urine not due to contamination.

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6
Q

Define asymptomatic bacteriuria.

A

Significant bacteriuria >10^5 bacteria/mL of urine in the absence of symptoms on 2 separate occasions.

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7
Q

What is symptomatic abacteriuria?

A

Symptoms of frequency and dysuria without significant bacteriuria.

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8
Q

What defines a reinfection in recurrent UTIs?

A

Bacteriuria absent after treatment for at least 14 days, then recurrence with same or different organism.

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9
Q

What defines a relapse in recurrent UTIs?

A

Recurrence of bacteriuria with the same organism within 7 days of treatment, implying treatment failure.

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10
Q

What is the diagnostic criterion for significant bacteriuria in symptomatic young women?

A

β‰₯10^2 coliforms/mL with pyuria or β‰₯10^5 any pathogen/mL or any growth in suprapubic aspiration on two occasions.

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11
Q

What is the threshold for significant bacteriuria in symptomatic men?

A

β‰₯10^3 pathogenic organisms/mL of urine.

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12
Q

What is the threshold for asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

β‰₯10^5 pathogenic organisms/mL on two occasions.

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13
Q

Define upper UTI and give an example.

A

Involves kidneys; e.g., pyelonephritis.

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14
Q

Define lower UTI and give an example.

A

Involves bladder or urethra; e.g., cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis

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15
Q

What is the difference between uncomplicated and complicated UTIs?

A

Uncomplicated: Affects healthy individuals without Structural or Neurological tract abnormalities;

Complicated: presence of risk factors or structural abnormalities.

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16
Q

List 6 factors that make a UTI complicated.

A

Male sex
Diabetes
Pregnancy
Renal failure
Urinary tract Obstruction
Presence of an indwelling urethral catheter

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17
Q

Name 4 common bacterial pathogens in UTIs.

A

E. coli
Proteus spp.
Klebsiella spp.
Pseudomonas spp.

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of UTI?

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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19
Q

What is the main route of infection in UTIs?

A

Peri-urethral colonization from the bowel ascends to the bladder.

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20
Q

List three routes of UTI infection.

A

Direct extension from a fistula
Hematogenous
Lymphatic.

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21
Q

List three bacterial virulence factors in UTIs.

A

Fimbriae
Flagella
Aerobactin
Haemolysin.

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22
Q

How does the host immune system defend against UTIs?

Study These Flashcards
A

Neutrophils
Urine osmolality/pH
Production of IgA
Urine flow
Uroepithelium

23
Q

List four risk factors for developing UTIs.

Study These Flashcards
A

Female gender
Pregnancy
Sexual activity
Diabetes
Indwelling Urinary catheter

24
Q

List three common symptoms of UTIs.

Study These Flashcards
A

Dysuria, frequency, suprapubic pain.

25
What urinalysis findings suggest UTI?
Positive nitrites, leucocytes, low grade proteinuria and blood.
26
What is the first-line treatment for acute uncomplicated cystitis in females?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160/800mg) for 3 days Nitrofurantoin (100mg bd) for 5-7days
27
Name a single-dose oral treatment for uncomplicated UTI.
Fosfomycin 3g PO.
28
What is second-line treatment for uncomplicated UTI?
Fluoroquinolones, Amoxicillin-clavulanate/Oral Cephalosporin
29
How long is complicated cystitis treated with fluoroquinolones?
7–14 days.
30
Is asymptomatic bacteriuria always treated?
No, only in pregnancy or immunocompromised or pre-urologic procedures.
31
How long should male UTI be treated?
10–14 days.
32
What are options for treating complicated male UTIs?
Parenteral antibiotics like 3rd gen cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides.
33
Name two supportive care measures in UTI.
Adequate rehydration and analgesics.
34
What are possible complications of UTI?
Sepsis Renal impairment Kidney Stones Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Reflux Nephropathy.
35
Which organisms may cause UTI besides bacteria?
Fungi (e.g., Candida), rarely viruses.
36
What host factor in urine inhibits bacterial growth?
High osmolality and IgA production.
37
Which bacterial factor aids in iron acquisition?
Aerobactin.
38
What defines pyuria?
>10 WBCs per high power field in urine.
39
Name one anatomical abnormality that predisposes to complicated UTI.
Urinary tract obstruction or history of childhood UTI.
40
How do fimbriae contribute to UTI pathogenesis?
They help bacteria attach to uroepithelium.
41
Symptomatic abacteriuria is also called?
Acute Urethral Syndrome
42
What is Sterile Pyuria?
Presence of Pyuria in the absence of demonstrable organisms.
43
Causes of Sterile Pyuria?
STIs Viral causes of UTI TB Fungi infection Inflammatory and autoimmune conditions
44
Define Re-infection
πŸŽ€ 2 or more episodes of UTI within 6 months πŸŽ€3 or more within 1 year
45
Classify Recurrent UTi
Re-infection Relapse
46
What fungi causes UTI?
Candida
47
Development of UTI depends on what factors?
The size of the Inoculum Virulence of the Organism Competence of the natural host defense mechanisms
48
Investigations for UTI
Urine MCSβ€” pyuria (>10wbc/hpf), hematuria Urinalysis- Nitrites, Leucocytes, blood, low grade proteinuria FBC E/U/Cr Imaging (USS,CT,MRI)
49
What is the treatment of UTI
Supportive care (Rehydration, Analgesic, Vasopressor support) Antimicrobial Therapy Removal of source (e.g Abscess, Obstruction, Foreign body)
50
Treatment of uncomplicated male UTI
Fluoroquinolones Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Nitrofurantoin
51
Define Catheter Associated UTI
UTI in a patient who has d an indwelling catheter in place within 48 hours prior to infection onset
52
What is the Criteria for diagnosing Catheter Associated UTI?
πŸŽ€ Indwelling catheter in place for more than 2 days in an in-patient location πŸŽ€ Urine Culture with no more than 2 organisms present and 1 organism with bacterium of >10^5 CFU/mL πŸŽ€Presence of at least 1 of the following : Fever (38β€’c), Suprapubic tenderness, costovertebral angle pain or tenderness, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, or Dysuria.
53
Management of Catheter Associated UTI
Removal or change of the Catheter Appropriate antibiotic therapy for at least 7 days

π‘΄π’†π’…π’Šπ’„π’Šπ’π’†πŸŽ€ (16 decks)

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