V&O VI

Question 1

Proveito, uso, vantagem + o phrasal verb (“utilizar-se de”)

• We tried to persuade her not to resign, but to no [] (= did not succeed).
• My attempts to improve the situation were of little/no [].
• So far, it has been to no [].
• they hurriedly barricaded themselves in the largest, strongest building in town, the massive granary—but to no [] (granary - celeiro)

Answer 1

avail
- We tried to persuade her not to resign, but to no avail (= did not succeed).
- My attempts to improve the situation were of little/no avail.
- So far, it has been to no avail.
- they hurriedly barricaded themselves in the largest, strongest building in town, the massive granary—but to no avail (granary - celeiro)

> avail yourself of something (formal)
“utilizar-se de” o que vem depois do “of”
- (CIJ:) But it will be used here to mean that if the Organization is recognized as having that personality, it is an entity capable of availing itself of obligations incumbent upon its Members.
- Voters should avail themselves of all the tools available to get information about the candidates.
- Employees should avail themselves of the opportunity to buy cheap shares in the company.

Question 2

Lodge

Answer 2

> lodge a claim, complaint, protest, etc. - to make an official complaint about something
- Between 2016 and 2019, nationals from Central America and Venezuela lodged 1.6 million asylum applications across the continent. (google: apresentar)
- The US lodged a formal protest against the arrest of the foreign reporters. (google: apresentar)
- Lawyers said last night that they would be lodging an appeal against the sentence.

> to pay rent to stay somewhere
- She lodged with Mrs Higgins when she first came to Cambridge. (google: hospedar-se)

> to (cause to) become stuck in a place or position
- A fish bone had lodged in her throat.

> [formal UK] to put something in a safe place
- You should lodge a copy of the letter with your solicitor.

> (NOUN) a small house in the country, used especially by people on holiday or taking part in sports, or one on land belonging to a large house - (alojamento)
- a ski/hunting lodge

Question 3

daunt; daunting

Answer 3

Daunt
> to make someone feel slightly frightened or worried about their ability to achieve something
> assustar, intimidar
- She was not at all daunted by the size of the problem.
- Teachers were daunted by the idea of singing, especially if unsure of their own voice and their ability to stay in tune.
- His energy was remarkable and little daunted him.
- …it catalogues so many things that can go wrong that an actor could feel daunted.

Daunting
> making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something
> difícil, assustador, intimidador

• The country was faced with the daunting prospect of overcoming four decades of division. (google: assustadora)
• Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States, but quitting can be daunting.
• A disorientating ritual of daunting scope and size, but one whose distinctive point of view and unapologetic delivery are hard to gainsay. (unapologetic - sem remorso; gainsay - contestar (formal))

Question 4

oft-

Answer 4

often (formal e antigo) (Kenneth Waltz usou)
(parece vir junto a particípio para caracterizar um noun)

• that oft-repeated cliché, “time heals a broken heart”
• Another oft-touted worry is that if… (touted - ~preconizado~, ~apregoado~)

Question 5

Divulgar, publicizar

• The company has [] profits of over £200 million.
• [+ that ] The police have [] that two officers are under internal investigation. (police - plural)
• The journalist refused to [] her sources.

Answer 5

disclose

• The company has disclosed profits of over £200 million.
• [+ that ] The police have disclosed that two officers are under internal investigation.
• The journalist refused to disclose her sources.
• She refused to disclose any details of the plan.
• He received an anonymous letter threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn’t pay the money.
• This information cannot be disclosed without authorization from a minister.
• They made an agreement not to disclose any details.

Question 6

Screening + screen (verbo)

Answer 6

Screen
(além de “tela” e “biombo”!!)
> testar, examinar
- Women over 50 should be screened for breast cancer.
- Completely unsuitable candidates were screened out (= tested and refused) at the first interview.
- ….limiting access to guns and lethal drugs, screening patients for suicidal thoughts, treating underlying mental conditions and ensuring access to therapy

> to protect or hide (como faz um biombo!: ~~”“biombar””~~)
- She raised her hand to screen her eyes from the bright light.

> to show or broadcast a film or television programme
- he programme was not screened on British television

Screening
> teste, triagem (mas “triage” e “sorting” tbm são aceitos)
- Employment screening does not always extend to temporary staff.
- regular screening(s) for cervical cancer

> a showing of a film
- There will be three screenings of the film - at 3 p.m., 5 p.m., and 7 p.m.

Question 7

> mesada, pensão, subsídio
a quantidade permitida/disponível/necessária de algo
permissão, possibilidade
make [] for : preparar-se para a possibilidade
make []s for: ter empatia e não julgar

Answer 7

allowance

• The perks of the job include a company pension and a generous travel allowance.
• I couldn’t have managed at college if I hadn’t had an allowance from my parents.
• Paul has to use his car a lot in his new job but he gets a good mileage allowance. (google: “subsídio”; mileage - quilometragem)
• Gary’s been exploiting the system, getting both a student allowance and unemployment benefit.
• The baggage/luggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos.
• What is the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A? (google: dose)
• Baggage allowance is 2 free bags per passenger, and $80 per additional bag.
• In Europe nearly all of the valuable emission allowances - permits that each allow one ton of emissions - were given away to power companies.
• The more predictable and mechanistic, the better - with allowances for elegant variation, as we shall see.
• Here, the only bias is the allowance for the possibility of hierarchical structure implicit in the choice of context-free grammars.
• These expressions contain allowance for two effects not normally included in investigations of the average stress in a suspension. (google: tolerância)
• We should make allowance for bad weather and have plenty of umbrellas available.
• But allowance has to be made for a certain amount of settling old scores.
• You should make allowances [“S”!] for him - he’s been quite ill recently.

Question 8

to demand that something happens

Answer 8

call for (C2, mas phrasal verb)
- Members have called for his resignation.
- (New START) The treaty calls for halving the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers
- Mark Esper called for increased basing in the Pacific (mais bases no Pacífico)

Question 9

bent on + [verb ing]

Answer 9

> to be very determined to do something

• the historical record indicates that a country bent on acquiring nuclear weapons can rarely be dissuaded from doing so.
• The Belgian people were incensed at this behavior and surrounded the embassy, bent on capturing Waddington. (incensed - furioso)
• He was bent on quitting his job even though he was making a lot of money.

Question 10

inexoravelmente

Answer 10

> inexorably (formal) - pode ser usado como necessariamente

• Punishing a state through economic sanctions does not inexorably derail its nuclear program (derail - descarrilhar, inviabilizar) (“derail” sem “s” por causa do “does”)
• The bacteria spread inexorably through many insect populations.
• These events led inexorably to war.

Question 11

Edge
(2: uso comum + C2)

Answer 11

> an advantage over other people
- In terms of experience, she definitely had the edge over the other people that we interviewed.

> borda, beira + lâmina de algo cortante
- Careful with that open can - it’s got a very sharp edge.
- Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall. (cliff - penhasco)
- The alligators build their nests out of grass near the water’s edge (google: beira)
- They built the church on the edge of the village.
- A man was standing at the water’s edge with a small boy.
- I caught (= hit) my leg on the edge of the table as I walked past.
- Shred the lettuce and arrange it around the edge of the dish.
- I’d frayed the edges of my jeans as that was the fashion in those days. (fray - desgastar, desfiar)
- The company is on the edge of collapse. (à beira)
- The government had brought the country to the edge of a catastrophe. (à beira)

> a small but noticeable amount of anger in someone’s voice
- There’s a definite edge to/in her voice when she talks to her husband

Question 12

> to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you
mimar
- Although Iran’s leaders indulge in inflammatory and hateful rhetoric, they show no propensity for self-destruction
- we indulged in some hot fudge sundaes

Answer 12

indulge
- Although Iran’s leaders indulge in inflammatory and hateful rhetoric, they show no propensity for self-destruction
- When I get my first paycheck I’m going to indulge in a shopping spree. (spree - farra)
- we indulged in some hot fudge sundaes
- The soccer fans indulged their patriotism, waving flags and singing songs. (google: entregaram-se a seu patriotismo)
- I love champagne but I don’t often indulge myself. (google: me dou ao luxo)
- We took a deliberate decision to indulge in a little nostalgia.(google: entregar-se a)
- My aunt indulges the children dreadfully. (mima)

Question 13

grave (adj.)

Answer 13

grave (=)
(msm grafia de “túmulo”)

• (Kenneth Waltz:) It would be a grave error for policymakers in the United States and Israel to assume otherwise.
• a grave situation
• It was the gravest political crisis of his career.
• A far graver question vibrates in the balance, that of the artistic future, of the richest and largest city in the world.

Question 14

tout (verb)

Answer 14

> to advertise, talk about, or praise something or someone repeatedly, especially as a way of encouraging people to like, accept, or buy something; divulgar, apregoar, preconizar

• As Washington falters, Beijing is moving quickly and adeptly to take advantage of the opening created by U.S. mistakes, filling the vacuum to position itself as the global leader in pandemic response. It is working to tout its own system, provide material assistance to other countries, and… (falter - vacilar, hesitar, esmorecer; adeptly - habilmente (adept-entendido,perito).
• The minister has been touting these ideas for some time. (g:divulgando)
• He is being widely touted as the next leader of the party. (g:elogiado como o próximo…)
• A local car dealership was touting its services/wares on the radio. (g:divulgando)
• Various studies have been published touting the benefits of pre-kindergarten programs.

Question 15

Limiar, soleira (fig. tbm) (ortografia)

Answer 15

threshold

• I have a low/high boredom threshold (= I do/don’t feel bored easily). (g:limite)
• He earns £400 a month, well below the threshold for paying tax. (g:limite)
• a low threshold for pain (g:limiar)
• We are on the threshold of a new era. (g:limiar)

Question 16

onset

Answer 16

the moment at which something unpleasant begins
- the onset of winter
- The new treatment can delay the onset of the disease by several years.

Question 17

meddle

Answer 17

to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility, especially by criticizing in a damaging or annoying way
intervir, interferir, ingerir-se, se meter
- Facebook discloses operations by Russia and Iran to meddle in 2020 elections
- My sister’s always meddling in other people’s affairs.
- People shouldn’t meddle with things they don’t understand.

Question 18

escaramuça ( noun e verbo)

Answer 18

skirmish
a fight between a small number of soldiers that is usually short and not planned, and happens away from the main area of fighting in a war
- There was a short skirmish between the two of them over who would pay for the meal.

> brigar, lutar, enfrentar-se
- Police and protesters skirmished in the chilly rain. (chilly -
uncomfortably cold)
- Rebels skirmished with nearby American forces.
- Although many legal disputes were resolved, lawyers still were skirmishing yesterday in a few places.
- The parties skirmished about attorney fees. (honorários)

Question 19

waive
+
waiver

Answer 19

(DIFERENTE DE “wave”)
> waive: to not demand something you have a right to, or not cause a rule to be obeyed
renunciar, protelar, abrir mão de
> waiver: a document that prevents or allows an action that is different from the usual thing; renúncia, acordo de renúncia a algo

• The obligations of an exporting Member under Article 31 (f) of the TRIPS Agreement shall be waived with respect to the grant by it of a compulsory license
• For the minority of WTO members yet to accept the amendment, an interim waiver will continue to apply.
• The bank manager waived the charge (= said we didn’t have to pay), as we were old and valued customers.
• If they waive (= remove) the time limit, many more applications will come in.
• He persuaded the delegates to waive (= give up) their objections.
• We had to sign a waiver, giving up any rights to the land in the future.
• Applicants pay a $30 to $40 entry fee; fee waivers are available.
• Contributors signed a waiver giving up any rights to future profits.
• The company recovered $12 million of its start-up costs from a waiver of state income taxes. (concessão do governo?)

Question 20

reduto
(além do sentido fig., é também “obra fortificada no interior de outra, com a finalidade de servir para a última resistência”)

Answer 20

stronghold
- Rural areas have been traditionally thought of as a stronghold of old-fashioned attitudes.
- That county has always been a Democratic stronghold.
- a rebel stronghold
- They captured the last stronghold of the presidential guard.

Question 21

slump

Answer 21

-> to sit or fall heavily and suddenly (+ o noun)
-> (of prices, values, or sales) to fall suddenly (+ o noun)
(~desmoronar~)

• She slumped into the chair, exhausted.
• She slumped to the floor in a faint.
• The value of property has slumped.
• Car sales have slumped dramatically over the past year.
• The value of shares slumped by 80% over night.
• There’s been a slump in the demand for new cars. (noun)
• an economic slump (g:crise econômica)
• OECD sees deepest peace-time slump in a century
• The airline industry is currently in a slump. (g:em crise)

> to stand or sit bent over, with the head and shoulders forward (“bend”); slouch (desleixo)
- The old man slumped in his chair, asleep (g: estava caído na cadeira)
- We both slumped against the wall

Question 22

caracterísitca típica, ~marca registrada~
- Simplicity is a [] of this design.
- The [] activity of peacekeeping is the deployment of an interpositional buffer force between the frontlines
- This explosion bears/has all the [] of (= is likely to have been) a terrorist attack.
- An independent press is one of the [] of a free society.
- Recent documentaries have embodied the pioneering spirit that has come to be the channel’s []

Answer 22

hallmark
- Simplicity is a hallmark of this design.
- The hallmark activity of peacekeeping is the deployment of an interpositional buffer force between the frontlines
- This explosion bears/has all the hallmarks of (= is likely to have been) a terrorist attack.
- An independent press is one of the hallmarks of a free society.
- Recent documentaries have embodied the pioneering spirit that has come to be the channel’s hallmark.

Question 23

check + checked + unchecked + hold/keep sth in check

Answer 23

stop, “restringir”, “controlar”
- They have begun to vaccinate children in an attempt to check the spread of the disease.
- If current trends go/continue unchecked, obesity will become the number one cause of death in this country. (g:sem controle)
- sobre Israel no Oriente Médio - In no other region of the world does a lone, unchecked nuclear state exist.
- The war raged on, unchecked by the UN’s efforts to stop it.
- We need to find ways of keeping our expenditure in check.
- There were no longer enough predators to keep the harmful microbes in check.
- Thankfully, the firebreaks held the flames in check. (firebreaks-> faixa sem plantas)

obs.:
> check a coat e afins -> deixar na entrada com alguém tomando conta
> checked (adj.) with a pattern of squares formed by lines of different colours crossing each other

Question 24

incrustar, cravar, encravar, embutir, incorporar, enraizar, entranhar

• It is something [] in their conscience.
• There were lines of dirt [] in his skin. (g: incrustadas)
• Director General of the WHO writes that “we need to [] the use of the health lens in foreign policy while we have this chance” (g:incorporar)
• The branch of a tree, [] in the bottom of the burn, was supporting the sheep which had become firmly wedged against it. (wedge, aqui, “entalada”, “presa”)
• There was, Roland saw, a huge flint [] in the mud under the back of the wheel, preventing all attempts at manoeuvre or reversal. (g:cravada)(flint: ~”pedra”~, “pederneira”)

Answer 24

embed = imbed
(passados: embedded embedded)

• It is something embedded in their conscience.
• There were lines of dirt embedded in his skin. (g: incrustadas)
• Director General of the WHO writes that “we need to embed the use of the health lens in foreign policy while we have this chance” (g:incorporar)
• The branch of a tree, embedded in the bottom of the burn, was supporting the sheep which had become firmly wedged against it. (wedge, aqui, “entalada”, “presa”)
• There was, Roland saw, a huge flint embedded in the mud under the back of the wheel, preventing all attempts at manoeuvre or reversal. (g:cravada)(flint: ~”pedra”~, “pederneira”)

Question 25

Acontecendo agora; ou começando a acontecer

• Economic recovery is [] and prices finally seem poised to rise (poised: preparado para)
• Currently, work is [] at the WTO on multiple fronts
• It’s time to get this project [] (= started).
• The film festival gets [] on 11 July .
• An initiative is [] which intends to establish guidelines and organise future activities.
• Various changes to the legal prescribing framework are now [] or recently completed.
• A concerted attempt to reconstruct the vocabularies of languages in prehistory has been [] for decades.

Answer 25

underway = under way

• Economic recovery is underway and prices finally seem poised to rise (poised: preparado para)
• Currently, work is underway at the WTO on multiple fronts
• It’s time to get this project underway (= started).
• The film festival gets underway on 11 July .
• An initiative is underway which intends to establish guidelines and organise future activities.
• Various changes to the legal prescribing framework are now underway or recently completed.
• A concerted attempt to reconstruct the vocabularies of languages in prehistory has been underway for decades.

Question 26

preparado, a postos, pronto + pousado, posicionado
+
calmo e confiante

Answer 26

poised
- The company is poised to launch its new advertising campaign.
- There was a widespread opinion in the early 20th century Europe that Russia was poised to be the greatest of the Powers.
- The military forces are poised for attack.
- She watched a little white bird, poised on a branch and fluttering its wings. (aqui, pousado)
- My pencil was poised over the page, ready to take down her words.
- Her finger was poised on the camera as she waited for them to take their positions.
- The lion was poised to strike.
- The public pension fund is poised to invest up to $1.5 billion over the next year.
- The City is poised for a major announcement on the airline’s fare strategy.
- They are a privileged group, poised at the forefront of technological knowledge-based work.

• Angela is a polite, poised young woman. (calm and confident)
• She remained poised throughout the difficult presentation.

Question 27

strife

Answer 27

violent or angry disagreement (formal)
“contenda”, “querela”, “testilha”, “porfia”
- What are the prospects for overcoming the strife between the Christian minority and Muslim majority?
- 20 years of civil strife have left the country’s economy in ruins (guerra civil)
- civil/ethnic/political strife
- He led the union through several years of labor strife. (luta trabalhista)

Question 28

shrewd

Answer 28

astuto, perspicaz, sagaz

• Bouazizi was known in his neighborhood for his shrewd practicality. (ortografia!)
• He was shrewd enough not to take the job when there was the possibility of getting a better one a few months later.
• She is a shrewd politician who wants to avoid offending the electorate unnecessarily.
• It was a shrewd move to buy your house just before property prices started to rise.
• He’s a very shrewd businessman.
• Barbara made some shrewd investments
• My one big regret is about money - I wish I’d been more shrewd.

Question 29

beset by/with (adj)
+
beset (verb)

Answer 29

having a lot of trouble with something, or having to deal with a lot of something that causes problems
assolar, afetar, afligir, ?molestar?
cercar (Cambidge e google) (cercar com dificuldades)
- With the amount of traffic nowadays, even a trip across town is beset by/with dangers.
- Many problems have beset the team in recent months.
- overcame the political instability that previously beset their nations.
- Such fatalism comes easily to societies beset by daunting and uncontrollable factors. (daunting: assustador, intimidador)
- Centrifugal forces arose from within villages, besetting religious life with internal contradictions and contestation.

Question 30

bewilder
bewildered (by/with)

Answer 30

-> to confuse someone
- The instructions completely bewildered me.

-> confused and uncertain
- Arriving in a strange city at night, I felt alone and bewildered.
- I came out of the movie a bit bewildered, but I enjoyed it.
- She was incapable of work, bewildered by the sudden inexplicability of situations she found herself in.
- Everyone seemed utterly bewildered.
- He shrugged his shoulders and contorted his face in bewildered amusement. (contort com “t”!)
- he seemed bewildered by this completely unexpected turn of events.

Question 31

-> the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a war
-> the killing of animals for meat

abate(r), massacre(ar), chacina(r), matança, carnificina, trucidar

Answer 31

slaughter

• Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeated.
• Thousands of people were slaughtered in the civil war.
• We must find ways of reducing the slaughter which takes place on our roads (= death of many people in car accidents) every year.
• The geese are being fattened for slaughter. (geese - gansos; fatten - engordar)
• (fig) Saturday’s game was an absolute slaughter.
• The animals are slaughtered in spring.
• (fig) England slaughtered Germany 5–1 at football.

Question 32

having a lot of money or owning a lot of things; rich, wealthy, moneyed

Answer 32

affluent
(NÃO tem o sentido dos rios (é “tributary”))

• affluent nations/neighbourhoods
• The store will benefit from its base of affluent customers to whom various other products will be sold in due course.
• Some have argued that ethical food is a sign of an affluent society with a lot of time.
• “There’s a narrative that makes people feel, if they don’t have resources, they can’t do it, and that’s not true,” Ms. McQueen told me. “I’m doing it, and I’m not affluent.”
• The public expenditure on blood tests in affluent countries, for instance, could feed entire regions in developing countries.
• This scheme showed that rehabilitation of historic buildings could provide accommodation at affordable prices for the less affluent.

Question 33

to give someone a thing or a duty for which they are responsible
- He didn’t look like the sort of man you should [] your luggage to.
- Two senior officials have been [] with organizing the auction
- Parents [] their most valuable ‘possessions’ to their care.
- We [] our dog to a neighbor when we went away on a trip.
- Many people had [] the company with money they intended to use in retirement.
- He [] the arrangement of a mortgage to a local firm of financial advisers.
- We [] a board of Edinburgh’s leading businessmen to run the affairs of the organization.

Answer 33

entrust
- He didn’t look like the sort of man you should entrust your luggage to.
- Two senior officials have been entrusted with organizing the auction
- Parents entrust their most valuable ‘possessions’ to their care.
- We entrusted our dog to a neighbor when we went away on a trip.
- Many people had entrusted the company with money they intended to use in retirement.
- He entrusted the arrangement of a mortgage to a local firm of financial advisers.
- We entrust a board of Edinburgh’s leading businessmen to run the affairs of the organization.

Question 34

endow

Answer 34

-> to give a large amount of money to pay for creating a college, hospital, etc. or to provide an income for it
-> “dotar” - provide with a quality, ability, or asset
- The state of Michigan has endowed three institutes to do research for industry. (forneceu recursos??)
- This hospital was endowed by the citizens of Strasbourg in the 16th century. (financiado??)
- $1.5 million was donated to endow a university chair in his name.
- People think Jefferson was endowed with great wisdom
- Animals have no option but to live by nature, their genetically endowed behavior.
- The genuine prophet endows humankind with truths that are unattainable through means other than prophecy.

Question 35

bristle (noun e verb(2))

Answer 35

-> a short, stiff hair, usually one of many (tbm em escovas, etc.) (“pelo”, “cabelo”, “cerda”)
- The old woman had a few grey bristles sprouting from her chin.
- The best quality men’s shaving brushes are made from badger bristle. (badger - texugo)
- My toothbrush has blue and white plastic bristles.

-> (of hair) to stand up (“arrepiar”, “eriçar”)
- The cat’s fur bristled and it arched its back

-> to react angrily
- She bristled at the suggestion that she had in any way neglected the child.
- At the suggestion that he include the phrase “pupil of Haydn”, Beethoven bristled.

Question 36

sombra (ortografia)

Answer 36

shadow (APENAS 1 “D”!!)