V4

Question 1

Landscape change:

Answer 1

• Public and official
• That´s why…
  
  • comparison
  • evaluation
  • establish relationship between patterns and processes!!

⇒ quantitative assessment

Question 2

Patterns:

Answer 2

• Landscape consists of clusters of ecosystems arranged in groups
• in the arrangement of the clusters certain patterns are recognizable
• Main elements of the patterns are patches and corridors

Question 3

Patches:

Answer 3

• relatively discrete areas with relatively homogeneous environmental conditions and with boundaries relevant to the respective reference object (e.g. geotope)
• Mechanisms:
  • spatially limited random disturbances (fire, windthrow, erosion)
  • predation
  • selective herbivory, …
  • resource allocation
  • aggregation behavior
  • competition
  • reaction-diffusion
  • spread

Question 4

Categories of patchiness:

Answer 4

• spot disturbance patches by local disturbances
• remnant patches by large-scale disturbances
• environmental resource patches by heterogeneous resource allocation
• introduced patches by human disturbances
• ephemeral patches by temporary changes in resources

Question 5

Scale-dependent processes for patchiness:

Answer 5

Question 6

Boundaries, ecotones, edges:

Answer 6

Question 7

Boundaries:

Answer 7

• non-interactive
• interactive

Question 8

Boundaries - functional:

Answer 8

Question 9

Ecotone:

Answer 9

• Hem biotope / fringe biotope (Saumbiotop / Randbiotop)
• Transition zone between two ecosystems
• often particularly species-rich
• e.g. edge of forest, hedges, waterfront  also

⇒ think about agroforestry!

Question 10

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

Answer 10

Question 11

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

Answer 11

Question 12

Example ecotone forest edge – transition of two landscape elements:

Answer 12

Question 13

Corridors and barriers:

Answer 13

• possible filter effect depending on:
  
  • corridor width
  • frequency of (e.g. human) disturbances in the corridor
  • mobility and behavior of organisms

Question 14

Matrix:

Answer 14

• the most frequent and most coherent landscape element usually plays the dominant role in the landscape function

Question 15

Matrix, patches, corridors:

Answer 15

Question 16

Heterogeneity of the landscape:

patchiness vs. gradients

Answer 16

• different landscape concepts
• Patch-Corridor-Matrix:
  
  • extent, shape and spatial arrangement of the landscape elements define the landscape pattern
• different landscape concepts
• landscape continuum: gradients determine the pattern of the landscape

Question 17

Landscape continuum:

Answer 17

• sometimes patches, corridors and matrix difficult to define
• small isolated elements too small to serve as habitats alone, only together with others

Question 18

How are patterns created in landscapes?

Answer 18

• Abiotic conditions (climate, topography, soil, …)
• Biotic interactions (succession, competition, predator-prey relationships, parasitism, spread, …)
• Disturbance regime (natural vs. anthropogenic)

Question 19

Abiotic conditions:

Answer 19

• geographical location (e.g. global temperature distribution)

Question 20

Abiotic conditions – zonal effects:

Answer 20

• Variability of precipitation and air temperature

Question 21

Abiotic conditions – azonal effects:

Answer 21

• Terrain height, slope position (e.g. San Juan Mtns. Colorado)

Question 22

Abiotic conditions – dynamics:

Answer 22

• • geographical location / climate (change)

Question 23

Abiotic systems:

Answer 23

Question 24

Abiotic subsystems:

Answer 24

Question 25

***Abiotic subsystems:***

Answer 25

Question 26

***Abiotic subsystems:***

Answer 26

Question 27

***Abiotic subsystems:***

Answer 27

Question 28

***Abiotic fundamentals and processes:***

Answer 28

* climate * geology * relief * soil * water balance * energy and matter balances

Question 29

***Landscape processes:*** ***development of soils and vegetation***

Answer 29

Question 30

***Vertical landscape structure:***

Answer 30

* Different spheres (or layers) are involved in the structure of the landscape, which penetrate and influence each other * The "layers" of the geobiosphere are also called ‘partial complexes‘

Question 31

***Horizontal landscape structure:***

Answer 31

* spatial juxtaposition of differently composed and process-related differentiable landscape units * energetically and materially linked via “neighborhood” effects

Question 32

***Biotic processes:***

Answer 32

* biological and ecological fundamentals * vegetation ecology * plant societies (competition, mutualism,…) ***Video: Interactions of biotic and abiotic factors***

Question 33

***Fundamentals:***

Answer 33

* *_Species:_* * basic unit of biological systematics * no unified definition * different concepts of species * *Biological:* * actual or potential reproduction with procreative offspring * *Morphological:* * morphological similarity, identical appearance by morphological (anatomical) criteria * *Phylogenetical:* * shared and unique evolutionary history and possession of a combination of certain defining, or derived, traits * *Biodiversity:*

Question 34

***Fundamentals – hierarchy/classification:***

Answer 34

* *_Hierarchieebenen:_* * Domäne * Reich * Stamm * Klasse * Ordnung * Familie * Gattung * Art * Unterart

Question 35

***Speciation:*** ***Species conversion***

Answer 35

* *_Mutation:_* * random (undirected) change of the genome: advantage or disadvantage * *_Selection:_* * with change of environmental conditions, features that were advantageous can become disadvantageous and vice versa ⇒ permanent change of species

Question 36

***Speciation:*** ***new formation of taxa via isolation***

Answer 36

* *spatial separation of population* * no more gene exchange possible * *both gene pools are not completely identical* (especially if small parts are separated, e.g. on isolated ecological islands such as oasis, high mountain in lowlands, cut off river arm, island) * *mutations* * in both parts different * genetic material changes differently * *different environmental conditions* * selection in different directions ⇒ fertile crossing sometime no longer possible ⇒ new species

Question 37

***Speziation:*** ***Neubildung von Taxa / Spezies durch Genmutation***

Answer 37

* durch fehlerhafte Zellteilung: Chromosomenduplikation * Wenn sich zwei solcher Keimzellen treffen, wird ein Organismus mit einem doppelten Chromosomensatz gebildet * Alle Nachkommen können gekreuzt werden * Entstehung neuer Arten (insbesondere Farne)