Vaccination L15

Question 1

what is passive immunisation

Answer 1

administering preformed antibodies eg derived from blood donors, animals

Question 2

what is the problem with injecting antibodies

Answer 2

inject antibodies and immediately work

Problem that the antibodies have a finite half-life, they are then again just as susceptible

Question 3

what is protection for passive immunisation

Answer 3

immediate

Question 4

what memory is caused by passive immunisation

Answer 4

No immunological memory generated

Question 5

what response is caused by passive immunisation

Answer 5

No immune response stimulated in the recipient

Question 6

what is active immunisation

Answer 6

Stimulate host to generate immune response

Question 7

what is a vaccine

Answer 7

collection of immunological determinants which stimulate host immune system leading to generation of an appropriate immune response

Question 8

what do Th B cells make

Answer 8

antibody

Question 9

what is the Th B cells response

Answer 9

humoral response

Question 10

what do Th Tc cells make

Answer 10

cell mediated immunity

Question 11

what is the primary immune response graph like

Answer 11

Primary doesn’t go that high and goes

back down

Question 12

what is the secondary immune response graph like

Answer 12

Shorter time to be generated as some memory b cells left from first immunisation, will last longer possibly life

Question 13

what is the primary immune response like

Answer 13

Long lag period
Lower level of response
Shorter-lasting

Question 14

what is the secondary immune response like

Answer 14

Faster
Higher level of response
Longer lasting

Question 15

what is the aim of vaccination

Answer 15

Create immunological memory
Generate secondary rather than primary response when challenged
- increase speed
- increase magnitude

Question 16

what should a vaccination do

Answer 16

Tip balance of virus/host interaction towards HOST

Question 17

what are the types of vaccine

Answer 17

live/dead
live attenuated
dead

Question 18

what must happen to live vaccines to be used

Answer 18

attenuated

Question 19

what is attenuation

Answer 19

Manipulate the genome of the virus to make it not pathogenic

Molecular manipulation

Question 20

how is an attenuated vaccine made

Answer 20

through trial and error

As disease grows in cell culture it will adapt and change due to mutations, this will cause it to be attenuate

Question 21

what do live vaccines cause

Answer 21

broad response - all parts of organism

humoral and cellular

Question 22

what happens when live attenuated vaccine injected

Answer 22

replicate once injected, cause an amplification of the response, all the proteins of the virus are expressed = broad response

Question 23

how many doses of live attenuated vaccine needed

Answer 23

may require only single dose

Question 24

what are the disadvantages of live vaccines

Answer 24

Reversion to virulence
- e.g. polio excreted in bowel
Not applicable to all organisms
Storage problems
- Cold-chain

Question 25

examples of live vaccines

Answer 25

Polio (Sabin) – no longer used in UK Measles, Mumps, Rubella BCG

Question 26

what are dead vaccines

Answer 26

Short-lived immunity Multiple doses + boosters Must be sure its dead! Killing may alter structure

Question 27

advantages of dead vaccines

Answer 27

No reversion to virulence | More stable

Question 28

how are the dead vaccines subunit made

Answer 28

Prepared by molecular biological techniques

Question 29

example of dead vaccines subunit

Answer 29

Hepatitis B virus – vaccine is HBsAg only

Question 30

what is a dead vaccine

Answer 30

Purified, is not live, cannot get disease as it never contained whole virus, only the surface antigen to get immunity against it

Question 31

what happens with dead vaccine subunit: Hepatitis B virus – vaccine is HBsAg only

Answer 31

Surface antigen that binds to liver cells in hepatitis B – need decent antibodies against the surface antigen to prevent hepatitis B

Question 32

how can vaccines be administered

Answer 32

intramuscular subcut oral inhalation

Question 33

what makes a vaccine work better when administered

Answer 33

Need the immunity at the site of infection, if can administer the vaccine like how infects will work better

Question 34

is more doses better

Answer 34

more doses less likely to be effective

Question 35

what are the contradictions to vaccination

Answer 35

- Acute febrile illness - if patient is ill should postpone vaccine - Allergy to vaccine component - Immunodeficiency - Pregnancy, not vaccinated unless necessary - Many false contraindications

Question 36

what is false contradiction

Answer 36

many false reasons people give for not wanting to be vaccinated

Question 37

what must be considered with vaccinations

Answer 37

risk of infection will the vaccine work what are the risks of vaccination cost of vaccination

Question 38

what are the risks of vaccinations

Answer 38

1. adverse reactions 2. vaccine stability - storage, reversion to virulence 3. particular risks - pregnancy, immune deficiency, allergies, other therapy