Immune system L2

Question 1

why do we need an immune system

Answer 1

protect against infection

crucial to human survival

Question 2

what classes of pathogen does the immune system protect against

Answer 2

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites (protozoa, worms)

Question 3

what diseases does bacteria casue

Answer 3

food poisoning

tuberculosis

Question 4

what diseases do viruses cause

Answer 4

small pox

AIDS

Question 5

what disease does fungi cause

Answer 5

thrush

ringworm

Question 6

what diseases do parasites cause

Answer 6

malaria

sleeping sickness

Question 7

what pathogens are the largest –> smallest

Answer 7

worms
protozoa
fungi
bacteria
viruses

Question 8

what is the microbiome

Answer 8

microbial communities of tissues (skin, oral mucosa, gastrointestinal tract)

Question 9

immune system and pathogenic vs commensals

Answer 9

Immune system must be able to recognise difference

whether they cause damage or not

Question 10

what do commensals cause on host

Answer 10

cause no damage to host, can perform important functions

can become pathogens if they are in the wrong location

Question 11

if the immune system has a diverse nature of pathogens what is the response

Answer 11

range of defence mechanisms

Question 12

if the immune system has a vast range of pathogens what is the response

Answer 12

vast range of antigen receptors

Question 13

if the immune system has a rapid growth of microbes what is the response

Answer 13

rapid inflammatory response

Question 14

if the immune system minimises damage to host what is the response

Answer 14

regulatory mechanisms

Question 15

why must the immune system respond quickly

Answer 15

• no damage to host

- immune system must have regulatory systems to control response

Question 16

what is recognition in immune response to infection

Answer 16

locate and identify pathogen

Question 17

what is defence in immune response to infection

Answer 17

repel or destroy pathogen

Question 18

what are the cardinal features of immune system

Answer 18

specificity
memory - immune cells
self-discrimination – all different cells in body, what is self and what is not self

Question 19

what are the levels of defence against pathogens

Answer 19

physicalbarriers

then innate immune system adaptive immune system

Question 20

how do innate and adaptive immune responses link

Answer 20

feedback between the two

Question 21

what happens when the pathogen penetrates physical barriers

Answer 21

engaged by cells and soluble factors of innate immune system

Question 22

what does the skin and mucosal provide as a physical barrier

Answer 22

tough impenetrable barrier but when it is breached by physical damage (such as wounds or burns) it exposes soft tissue and renders them vulnerable to infection

Question 23

which barriers are stronger

Answer 23

skin

Question 24

which barrier are more vulnerable

Answer 24

mainly mucosal membranes

Question 25

what routes of entry can infect via mucosal surfaces

Answer 25

airway GI tract reproductive tract

Question 26

what routes of entry can infect via external epithelial surfaces

Answer 26

external surfaces wounds and abrasions insect bites

Question 27

what must pathogens be like to be transmitted via airway

Answer 27

light enough to be airbourne

Question 28

what are the two types of immune response

Answer 28

innate | adaptive

Question 29

where is the innate immunity

Answer 29

peripheral organs

Question 30

what does the innate immunity detect

Answer 30

infectiousagents

Question 31

what does innate immunity do

Answer 31

- containment/elimination of infectious agent using non-specific mechanisms - alert the acquired immune system regarding the nature of the infection

Question 32

where is the adaptive immunity

Answer 32

lymphoid organs | then peripheral

Question 33

what does the adaptive immunity do

Answer 33

control/eliminate infectious agent using newly generated tools, specific for the infectious agent

Question 34

how does the innate immunity work

Answer 34

'recognising non-self' pathogens are foreign presence of cell wall is foregin

Question 35

what is the innate immune response

Answer 35

cellular involvement | e.g. phagocytosis

Question 36

what are neutrophils

Answer 36

phagocytic cells, also classified as granulocytes as contain granules in cytoplasm

Question 37

what are the granules like in neutrophils

Answer 37

are very toxic to bacteria and fungi, and cause them to stop proliferating or die on contact

Question 38

what aremacrophages

Answer 38

efficient phagocytic cells

Question 39

what do macrophages do

Answer 39

ability to roam outside of the circulatory system is important, because it allows macrophages to hunt pathogens with less limits macrophages can also release cytokines in order to signal and recruit other cells to an area with pathogens

Question 40

what are mast cells function

Answer 40

the activation of these cells by complement, which causes the mast cells to degranulate, and leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histimine

Question 41

what happens in the recognition process for innate immunity

Answer 41

bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement complement covalently bonds to bacterium, other attracts effector complement receptor on effector cell binds to complement fragment on bacterium effector cell engulfs bacterium kills it

Question 42

what happens in the innate immune recognition

Answer 42

pattern recognition receptors contain toll like receptors TLRs, some on the surface, some inside viruses quite often invade straight into cells, need substance inside cell to detect it to defend against PRRs recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (on bacteria surface)

Question 43

how many pattern recognition receptors are there

Answer 43

several receptors expressed by the same cell

Question 44

what is the structure of pattern recognition receptors

Answer 44

multiple domain structures | broad binding specificity

Question 45

where are the pattern recognition receptors present

Answer 45

plasma membrane, endosomes and cytosol

Question 46

what response is caused at pattern recognition receptors

Answer 46

Immediate response

Question 47

what is involved in adaptive immunity

Answer 47

T lymphocytes | B lymphocytes

Question 48

what do T lymphocytes express

Answer 48

T cell receptors

Question 49

what do T lymphocytes do

Answer 49

interact with other cells | can kill cells, or facilitate immune responses by other cells

Question 50

where are the T cells generated

Answer 50

thymus

Question 51

where are the B cells generated

Answer 51

bone marrow

Question 52

what cells are linked to the T lymphocytes

Answer 52

Killer T cells (CD8+), Helper T cells and regulatory T cells (CD4+)

Question 53

what do B lymphocytes do

Answer 53

make antibodies (immunoglobulins)-cell surface and secreted Can improve the antibodies made over time protection against extracellular pathogens & toxins

Question 54

how many specificity is there per receptor of cell

Answer 54

one specificity

Question 55

what happens when the B cell receptor antigen binds

Answer 55

resembles antibody attached to cell surface | specific ligand, mediates the activation of the B cell

Question 56

where are lymphocytes generated

Answer 56

primary lymphoid organs

Question 57

what is in the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 57

bone marrow | thymus

Question 58

what happens in secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 58

mature naïve lymphocytes are maintained and adaptive immune response initiated

Question 59

what is in the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 59

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, Peyer’s patches, mucosa associate lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Question 60

what do lymphocytes do

Answer 60

circulate in the blood and lymph

Question 61

where are lymphocytes found

Answer 61

found in large numbers in lymphoid tissue or organs

Question 62

which cells are innate immunity

Answer 62

neutrophil eosinophil basophil monocyte

Question 63

which cells are both innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 63

dendritic

Question 64

which cells are adaptive immunity

Answer 64

B cells | T cells

Question 65

how long is the innate response

Answer 65

rapid (hours)

Question 66

how long is the adaptive immunity response

Answer 66

slow (days to weeks)

Question 67

what is the innate immune response like

Answer 67

fixed

Question 68

what is the adaptive immune response like

Answer 68

variable

Question 69

what is the specificities of the innate immune response

Answer 69

limited number

Question 70

what is the specificities of the adaptive immune response

Answer 70

numerous, highly selective

Question 71

what is the innate immune response like during

Answer 71

constant

Question 72

what is the adaptive immune response like during

Answer 72

improve during response

Question 73

what are the stages of an immune response - innate (immediate 0-4hrs)

Answer 73

infection recognition by non-specific effectors remove infectious agent

Question 74

what are the stages of an immune response - early induced (early 4-96hrs)

Answer 74

infection recognition by non-specific effectors inflammation recruitment and effector cell activation remove infectious agent

Question 75

what are the stages of an immune response - adaptive (late > 96hrs)

Answer 75

``` infection transport of antigen to lymphoid organs recognition by naive B an T cells clonal expression and differentiation to effector cells remove infectious agent ```

Question 76

why do vaccines work

Answer 76

due to immunological memory

Question 77

what does yersinia pseudotuberculosis cause

Answer 77

mimics acute appendicitis

Question 78

what does Yersinia pseudotuberculosis | do

Answer 78

interact with immune system is very different