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Exam 1- respiratory conditions and infections > Vaccinations > Flashcards

Vaccinations Flashcards

1
Q

What makes a vaccine a good vaccine?

A
  • Produce an inadequate immune response
  • Must be the right type of vaccine
  • Have the correct duration of response
  • safe for administration
  • Effective
  • low cost
  • Stable- to be able to remain on the shelf for a period of time e.g. attenuated polio vaccine is stable for 1 year at 4 degrees but only a few days at 37 degrees. This is particularly critical with living attenuated vaccines
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2
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

A
  • Block transmission
  • Prevent symptoms
  • Eradicate disease
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3
Q

What are the problems with vaccine safety of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Insufficient attenuation (weakening of pathogens) - actually get ill
  • Can’t give to immuneodefficient patients
  • Foetal damage
  • contamination by other viruses
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4
Q

What are the problems with vaccine safety of non-living vaccination?

A
  • Contamination by toxins
  • Allergic reactions
  • Could cause auto-immune conditions
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5
Q

What must a vaccine contain?

A

Some of the protective antigens of the microbe

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6
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A
  • Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment.
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7
Q

Where do newborns receive passive immunity from?

A

From maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta and is also in milk.

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8
Q

What are the uses of passive immunisation?

A
  • Prevent disease after known exposure e.g. needle stick injury with contaminated HBV needle
  • Improve symptoms of an ongoing disease
  • Protect immune deficient individuals
  • Block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent their disease
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9
Q

IS the immunity from passive vaccines immediate?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do passive vaccines activate the immune system?

A

No- the immunity only is there as long as antibodies are present in the body.

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11
Q

What are some examples of specific passive immunotherapy and their indications?

A
  • Diptheria and tetanus= Prophylaxis, treatment
  • Varicella-zoster= Prophylais in immunodeficiencies
  • Rabies and hepatitis B= Post-exposure
  • Hepatitis A= prophylaxis (travel)
  • Measles= post exposure
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12
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

The injection of an antigen (bacteria or virus) that activate the immune system.

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13
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A
  • A vaccine that contains the live pathogen but has been attenuated so is less potent and will produce a weaker version of the disease for the immune system create a response for.
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14
Q

How was the polio vaccine (OPV) grown?

A
  • Polio virus was grown in monkeys kidney cells in tissue culture
  • These cells are then harvested and added to flasks
  • This creates many flasks, some of which will contain mutated viruses
  • The non-virulent strains (are less harmful for us) are tested on monkeys. If it doesn’t cause paralysis in the monkey, it will undergo clinical trials for testing for usefulness in humans.
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15
Q

What is the method of attenuation of polio virus?

A
  • Passage in monkey kidney and human embryonic cells
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16
Q

What is the method of attenuation of measles virus

A

passage in human kidney, amnion or chicken embryo

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17
Q

What are inactivated vaccines?

A
  • Uses killed or inactivated organisms if attenuation and living vaccines cant be used.
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18
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using inactivated vaccines?

A

+ Non-infectivity- can’t cause the disease and are relatively safe
- Lower immunogenicity ( ability to provoke an immune response) and therefore may need several doses.

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19
Q

What is the DTP vaccine used for?

A

Diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis

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20
Q

What does using subcellular fragments as a vaccine mean?

A
  • Uses only a part of the virus or bacteria organism
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21
Q

What are DNA vaccines?

A

An intramuscular injection of DNA that has been proven to immunise lab animals against infections including influenza and malaria
- Has not been approved for routine or veterinary use as of yet

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22
Q

Compare living and non-living vaccines..

A
  • Preparation:
    Living- usually attenuation
    non-living- inactivation
  • Administration
    Living- May be oral, can be a single dose
    non-living- injection, usually multiple doses
  • safety
    Living- May revert to virulence
    Non-living- requires safe method of inactivation
  • Cost
    Living- low
    non-living- high
  • Duration of immunity
    Living- Usually years
    non-living- may be long or short
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23
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of measles?

A

4-5

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24
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of pertussis?

A

4-5

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25
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of mumps?

A

6-7

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26
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of rubella?

A

9-10

27
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of diphtheria?

A

11-14

28
Q

What is the average age at infection before immunisation of polio?

A

12-15

29
Q

What are the two variants that cause small pox?

A

Variola major (more deadly- mortality 20-40%) and Variola minor (1%)

30
Q

When was smallpox eradicated?

A

1980

31
Q

What are the Salk and Sabin vaccines?

A
  • Jonas Salk creates the first polio vaccine containing an injected dose of killed polio
  • Albert Sabin produced an oral polio vaccine containing a live but weakened virus
32
Q

What are the advantages of the Sabin vaccine?

A
  • Can offer some immunity to close-contacts of the vaccinated person
  • The oral vaccine acts in the gut so reduces spread of the wild virus whereas the injected vaccine acts in the bloodstream so immunises but doesn’t reduce spread
  • Live-virus is cheaper thank killed-virus
  • Oral vaccine is easier to administer than injected so patients are more likely to complete the vaccination series to obtain full immunity
33
Q

What are disadvantages of the Sabin vaccine?

A
  • If the virus reverts to wild type, it can cause polio- about 1 in 2.4 million recipients. But there is no such risk in the killed virus vaccine (Salk)
34
Q

What is the dosage schedule for the attenuated polio vaccine (OPV)- Sabin?

A

Oral dose at 2,4 and 6 months

35
Q

What is the BCG vaccine?

A

BCG= Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin
Is a live attenuated vaccine made from bovine tuberculosis bacillus to protect against tuberculosis.

36
Q

Who receive the BCG vaccine?

A
  • All children who live in an area where TB is at levels of 40/100,000 or greater
  • Children whos parents or grandparents were born in an area of 40/100,000 or greater
  • Previously unvaccinated immigrants from countries with high TB incidence
37
Q

What is the Mantoux test?

A

A test for TB that involves intradermally injecting PPD tuberculin and measuring the size of induration after 48-72 hours.
- If this is a positive test, they should not be vaccinated

38
Q

What is schedule of vaccination for the hepatitis b vaccine?

A

One injection then,
second injection 4 weeks later,
third injection 6 months later
and a booster after 10 years

39
Q

Who is offered hepatitis B vaccine?

A
  • Healthcare workers
  • Babies whose mothers are found to be carriers
  • Babies those close family have been infected with hep B
40
Q

What is the dose schedule for the hepatitis B vaccine in children whose family have been infected?

A
  • First dose within 2 days of birth
  • Second dose at 1 month old
  • Third dose at 2 months old
  • booster dose and blood test at 1 year old
41
Q

What does the pneumococcal vaccine protect against?

A

This infection can cause diseases such as pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis

42
Q

Who are more at risk of getting pneumococcus infections?

A

People over aged 65 years and so are routinely offered a vaccine at this age.
Also children with increased risk

43
Q

What is HPV?

A

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is a family of viruses that affects the skin and mucosa

44
Q

Who is offered the HPV vaccine?

A

Girls and boys aged 12-13 years old ( boys born after September 2006 and girls after September 1991).

45
Q

Who is recommended the varicella zoster vaccine?

A
  • Recommended for non-immune healthcare workers with direct patient to protect themselves and vulnerable patients from catching chicken pox.
  • Healthcare workers with no history of chicken pox need a blood test to check immunity and of are seronegative (no immunity) should be reccommended the vaccine.
46
Q

Does MMR vaccine cause autism?

A
  • It should be given to children as it protects against dangerous and deadly diseases!
  • As signs of autism appear around the same time as children get the vaccine, parents worry it causes autism but many scientific studies have found no relationship between these two factors.
47
Q

What conditions does the 6-in-1 vaccine cover?

A

Diptheria
Tetanus
Polio
Hepatitis B
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Pertussis (whooping cough)

48
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the 6-in-1 vaccine?

A

8, 12 and 16 weeks old in the bays thigh.

49
Q

What type of vaccine is the 6-in-1 vaccine?

A

Killed (inactivated)

50
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the rotavirus application?

A

Oral dose at 8 weeks and then a second oral dose at 12 weeks.
Given as a liquid in the mouth

50
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the rotavirus application?

A

Oral dose at 8 weeks and then a second oral dose at 12 weeks.
Given as a liquid in the mouth

51
Q

What type of vaccine is the rotavirus vaccine?

A

Live attenuated (weakened)

52
Q

What does the MenB vaccine cover?

A

Protection against meningococcal group B bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis and sepsis.

53
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the MenB vaccine?

A

8 weeks
16 weeks
1 year

given as an injection into the bay’s thigh

54
Q

What does the pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine cover?

A

Protection against pneumococcal infections caused by the bacteria ‘ streptococcus pneumoniae’ that can lead to pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis.

55
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the PCV vaccine?

A

12 weeks
1 year old

Also a vaccine is offered to those at aged 65 years which is called the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)

56
Q

What types of vaccines are the pneumoccoal, PCV and PPV vaccines?

A

Inactivated/killed vaccines

57
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles, mumps and rubella

58
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the MMR vaccine?

A

1 year
3 years and 4 months

59
Q

Why is the MMR vaccine given at 1 year and 3 years and 4 months?

A
  • Because babies have antibodies passed on from their mother that will protect them for a short time. By the time they reach 1 year, these have ran out.
  • AT 3 years and 4 months because the child is about to start school
60
Q

When should you have a MMR vaccine if you haven’t had 2 doses in childhood?

A
  • Going to university
  • Travelling abroad
  • Planning to fall pregnant
  • Frontline health or social worker
  • Born between 1970-1979 as may only be protected against measles
  • Born between 1980-1990 as may not be protected against mumps
61
Q

What does the Hib/MenC vaccine protect against?

A

Protects against Haemophilius influenza type b and meningitis C.

62
Q

What is the vaccination schedule for the Hib/MenC vaccination?

A

1 year old

It is a booster of Hib protection from the 6-in-1 vaccination and beginning of meningitis c protection.

63
Q

What does the HPV vaccine protect against?

A

Human papillomavirus which can cause cancers such as cervical cancer, some mouth, throat and anal and genital cancers.

Exam 1- respiratory conditions and infections (11 decks)

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