vaccinations Flashcards
(20 cards)
cons of vaccinations
Doesn’t always work
Doesn’t give immunity
Sometimes have a bad reaction but that’s very rare
pros of vaccination
They can protect a people from big outbreaks of disease and help control lots of communicable diseases
what does injecting people with dead pathogens do
Dead pathogens carry antigens which cause the body to produce antibodies to attack them even though pathogens are harmless
what is herd immunity
Vaccinating a population to protect a population from other diseases
what is vaccination
introducing small quantities of dead or in active pathogens to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies. if same same pathogen re enters white blood cells will respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies preventing infection
what is the human defense system made up of (what do they do )
skin- acts as a barrier to pathogens /secretes substances to fight them
nose- mucus traps particles that contain pathogens (histamines inflame cilia and cause mass mucus production )
trachea and bronchi- secrete mucus to trap pathogens filled up with cilia hair like structure waft mucus back and forth of throat so can be swallowed
stomach - produces hydrochloric acid kills pathogens and takes them far away from the mouth
scabs - formed when cut clots blood to prevent blood flow
eyes- produce tears such have antiseptics wash away dirt
white blood cells - engulf foreign cells and digests them called PHAGOCYTES =ANTIBODY PRODUCES —>ANTITOXIN PRODUCTION
what are antibiotics
group of drugs that kill bacteria and prevent growth
what is antibiotic resistance
resistance happens when a random mutation occurs to a bacteria making it resistant to
what is a super bug
bacteria that is resistant to lots of different antibodies
what is aspirin developed from
willow trees
what is digitalis made form
foxgloves
what is efficacy
how well the drug works
what is toxicity
how harmful the drug is (does it damage cells)
what is dosage
how much of the drug should be given to
what is stage one of preclinical trials
drug teaser of human cells and tissue sich can be grown in labs
can easily and cheaply test lots of diffeeent substances
but doesn’t tell how substance affects organs or organisms
what is stage 2
testing on live animals like mice or rabbits
this test toxicity and efficacy
what is stage 3
clinical testing - give to healthy volunteers low dose then start to increase
find maximum dosage before side affects
how can u make it a fair trial
by using a placebo to avoid bias
why are result written up and peer reviewed
to avoid and false claims being published
