Vaccinations and Disease Control Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What do antigens in a vaccine stimulate?
A
Macrophages, T cells, B cells
2
Q
What role do macrophages play after vaccination?
A
Ingest proteins into small antigen remnants
3
Q
What do MHC molecules do after macrophages ingest antigens?
A
Display the antigen
4
Q
What happens after T cells recognize the antigen?
A
Stimulation of B cells to secrete antibodies
5
Q
Why does the immune system respond to vaccines as if they were real viruses?
A
It does not differentiate between the vaccine and the real virus
6
Q
Why do we need more than one dose of some vaccines?
A
Immunity wanes with age
7
Q
What is the purpose of booster doses?
A
To re-expose the immune system to the antigen to improve protection
8
Q
What are the common side effects of the MMR vaccine within 6-14 days of injection?
A
Fever, rash, joint pain
9
Q
What are the uncommon side effects of the MMR vaccine?
A
Febrile seizures, low platelets
10
Q
How can the need for re-vaccination be measured?
A
By measuring anamnestic response (titers)
11
Q
How many doses of the MMR vaccine are given to children?
A
2 doses
12
Q
What could a high level of immune response from a booster trigger?
A
Arthus reaction
13
Q
At what ages are children typically given the MMR vaccine?
A
Around 1 and 5 years
14
Q
What is an Arthus reaction?
A
Type III hypersensitivity reaction causing local vasculitis
15
Q
What factors affect vaccine response?
A
Smoking, diet, stress, genetics, recent illness, aging, timing
16
Q
How many doses of the MMR vaccine do adults over 18 need if born after 1956?
A
One dose
17
Q
At what ages is the DTAP vaccine administered?
A
2, 4, 6, 15 months and age 5
18
Q
When should titers be drawn after vaccination?
A
No less than 4 weeks after vaccination
19
Q
What are the most common side effects of the DTAP vaccine?
A
Fever, redness, and pain at the injection site
20
Q
What are the types of vaccinations mentioned?
A
Live vaccines
21
Q
What are some less common side effects of the DTAP vaccine?
A
Fussiness, fatigue
22
Q
Why was the live oral polio vaccine (OPV) discontinued in the US?
A
Associated with paralytic disease in 1 out of 2.4 million patients
23
Q
Since when has the OPV not been used in the US?
A
Since 2000
24
Q
Who adapted the slides for the presentation?
A
Kayla Martinez, PA-C
25
What is the current recommendation for polio vaccination in the US?
Use IPV only
26
What are rare but serious side effects of the DTAP vaccine?
Seizure, crying, high fever over 105 F
27
Who is the original author of the slides?
Janet Furman, PhD, PA-C, DFAAPA
28
What is the adult booster dose for DTAP called?
Tdap
29
What is the composition of the IPV vaccine?
Mixture of live and attenuated viral strains
30
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Inactivated, conjugate vaccine
31
What is the seroconversion rate of the varicella vaccine in children?
95%
32
Who should routinely receive the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Children and unvaccinated health care workers
33
What is the adult schedule for the Hepatitis B vaccine?
3 doses, with second and third doses 1 and 6 months after the first dose
34
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine and in what year?
Edward Jenner in 1796
35
What is the seroconversion rate of the varicella vaccine in adults?
70%
36
What virus did Edward Jenner use to develop the smallpox vaccine?
Cowpox
37
What is the modern name for the virus used in the smallpox vaccine?
Vaccinia
38
How long after exposure can the smallpox vaccine prevent or lessen symptoms?
Within 3 days
39
When was the smallpox vaccine made compulsory for infants in England?
1853
40
What option was available for those who opposed the compulsory smallpox vaccination in England?
Conscientious objection
41
When did the smallpox vaccination become non-compulsory by law in England?
1907
42
Around what year did most US states mandate the smallpox vaccine?
Circa 1972
43
What was the landmark case that upheld mandatory vaccination in the US?
Jacobson v Massachusetts
44
What should be done if the Hepatitis B vaccine series is interrupted?
It does not need to be restarted
45
What are the side effects of the varicella vaccine?
Rash, low grade fever, soreness at injection site
46
What provides immediate protection for unvaccinated individuals exposed to Hepatitis B?
HBIG and HBV
47
How many doses of the varicella vaccine are given to children?
2 doses
48
When did the WHO begin eradication efforts for smallpox?
1967
49
What is the dosing schedule for the varicella vaccine in adolescents or adults with no varicella history?
4-8 weeks apart
50
What vaccination strategy was used in the eradication of smallpox?
Ring vaccinations
51
What are common side effects of the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Headache, dizziness, irritability, injection site soreness
52
Can the varicella vaccine be administered after exposure to the virus?
Yes, within 3-5 days
53
Who should not receive the varicella vaccine?
Pregnant or immunocompromised individuals
54
Why can't we eradicate measles?
Due to recent outbreaks caused by vaccine hesitancy
55
What does the HPV vaccine consist of?
Virus-like particles (VPLs) of the major capsid protein of HPV
56
What are the two options for mpox vaccination?
Jynneos and ACAM2000
57
When were measles declared eliminated in a specific area?
2000
58
Which HPV strains does Gardasil 9 target?
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
59
At what age is the HPV vaccine recommended?
Ages 11-12, but can be given starting at 9
60
What type of virus is used in the Jynneos vaccine?
Live attenuated orthopoxvirus MVA
61
What does it mean for a disease to be declared eliminated?
Absence of continuous disease transmission for 12 months or more in a specific area
62
How many doses of the HPV vaccine are needed if started between ages 15-26 or if immunocompromised?
Three doses
63
What is the period between exposure and rash for measles?
14-21 days
64
Who is eligible for pre-exposure prophylaxis with the Jynneos vaccine?
18+ at risk for mpox
65
Can the HPV vaccine be given during pregnancy?
No
66
What are the side effects of the Jynneos vaccine?
Pain, redness, swelling at injection site; fatigue, headache, chills, myalgias
67
What is the period between exposure and rash for smallpox?
7-10 days
68
What can the HPV vaccine prevent?
Persistent infection, genital warts, and cervical/anal cancers due to HPV
69
What is an early symptom of smallpox?
Rash
70
What are the contraindications for the Jynneos vaccine?
Anaphylaxis with previous dose
71
What are common side effects of the HPV vaccine?
Pain/redness at injection site, fever, dizziness, headache, nausea
72
What type of virus is used in the ACAM2000 vaccine?
Live vaccinia virus
73
Where can you find more information about vaccines and preventable diseases?
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/index
74
What type of vaccine is the Haemophilus influenzae b (HIB) vaccine?
Conjugate vaccine
75
What do conjugate vaccines consist of?
Polysaccharides from surface coat of bacteria linked to protein carriers
76
At what ages is the HIB vaccine administered?
2, 4, 6 months and a booster at 12-15 months
77
Where can you find a detailed article on the history of smallpox vaccination?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905528/
78
What is the purpose of conjugate vaccines?
Prevention of bacterial infections
79
Who should receive the HIB vaccine if older than 5 years?
Individuals with asplenia or sickle cell disease
80
Where can you find the adult immunization schedule?
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
81
What is the dosing schedule for the PCV 13 vaccine?
2, 4, 6 months, and 1 year
82
What are common side effects of the HIB vaccine?
Low grade fever, erythema, and pain at injection site
83
What are the two types of influenza vaccines?
Nasal (live) and injectable (conjugate)
84
Who is recommended to receive the PCV 13 vaccine?
Some adults age 65+ and those 19-64 with immunocompromise, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants
85
What diseases does the PCV 13 vaccine protect against?
Pneumonia and meningitis
86
Who is at most risk for influenza?
Young, elderly, and healthcare workers
87
What are the side effects of the PCV 13 vaccine?
Fussiness, sleepiness, injection site inflammation, low grade fever
88
Why is the influenza vaccine changed every year?
Based on strain prediction (antigenic cartography)
89
What is a challenge in developing influenza vaccines?
Influenza mutates rapidly, has antigenic diversity, and can be pandemic
90
Who is recommended to receive the PPSV 23 vaccine?
All adults over age 65, age 2-64 with chronic health issues, weakened immune system, age 19-64 with asthma or smokers
91
Why is yearly vaccination needed for influenza?
Due to decline in antibody production over time and antigenic drift
92
What are the three types of influenza vaccines?
Egg-based, cell-based, recombinant
93
What are the side effects of the PPSV 23 vaccine?
Erythema, soreness at injection site, fever, myalgias in 1 out of 100
94
What is a suggested first step in improving influenza vaccination?
A vaccine against all strains of Influenza A
95
How does the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine work?
Gives instructions to make the spike protein and cell then destroys the mRNA
96
Why is the PCV 13 vaccine used in children under 2 years of age instead of PPSV 23?
PPSV 23 is not as effective in children less than 2 years of age
97
What does the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine cause the body to produce?
Antibodies to the spike portion of the virus
98
What is the recommended sequence of pneumococcal vaccines for adults over 65 years old?
PCV 13 first, then PPSV 23 about a year later
99
Is the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine a live or killed virus?
Neither
100
What is the combination vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis called?
DTaP
101
What is the schedule for the Zoster vaccine (Shingrix)?
2 doses at least 2 and up to 6 months apart
102
What is the dosing schedule for the DTaP vaccine?
2, 4, 6, 15 months and age 5
103
Who should receive the Zoster vaccine?
All adults over 50, even if they have had zoster or varicella in the past
104
When should the Zoster vaccine not be administered?
During active shingles
105
What are the common side effects of the DTaP vaccine?
Fever, redness and pain at injection site, fussiness, fatigue
106
What are the severe side effects of the DTaP vaccine?
Seizure, crying, high fever over 105 F
107
What is the booster dose for adults called for diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis?
Tdap
108
What are common side effects of the Zoster vaccine?
Site soreness, fever, chills, headache, nausea, rash
109
What type of vaccine is the RSV vaccine?
Recombinant RSV F protein antigen
110
Who may benefit from the RSV vaccine?
Adults over 60 with risk factors for severe disease
111
What is the efficacy of the RSV vaccine in the first season?
83-89%
112
What are common side effects of the RSV vaccine?
Pain, redness, swelling at injection site; fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, myalgias/arthralgias
113
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis A vaccine?
Inactivated
114
At what age is the Hepatitis A vaccine routinely given to children?
Between 12 and 23 months old
115
What is the adult schedule for the Hepatitis A vaccine?
2 doses, 6 months apart
116
What provides protection for exposure to Hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) IG
117
What are common side effects of the Hepatitis A vaccine?
Local pain and swelling
118
What are indications for the Hepatitis A vaccine?
Travel to endemic countries, IV drug use, chronic liver disease
119
What are contraindications for the Hepatitis A vaccine?
Mild illness, severe life-threatening allergy
120
At what ages is the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) administered?
2, 4, and 6 months and 4-6 years
121
Who should receive the IPV vaccine as adults?
Unvaccinated individuals traveling to endemic areas, lab workers handling the virus, healthcare workers treating polio patients
122
What are common side effects of the IPV vaccine?
Mild illness, injection site soreness
123
What is an example of a disease eradicated by vaccination?
Smallpox
124
Should Pregnant women receive the Covid-19 vaccine?
Yes
