Vaccinations/ Immunizations Flashcards
1
Q
DTaP vaccine is administered to what age group
A
Young children
2
Q
Explain the dosing series fro DTaP in young children
A
5 dose series by age of 6 yrs
A dose @ 2, 4, & 6 mos
A dose at 15 through 18 mos
A dose at 4 through 6 yrs
3
Q
Tdap vaccine is given to what age groups?
A
Preteens → 11 through 12
Pregnant women → 27-36th week of each pregnancy
Adults → anytime to those who haven’t received
4
Q
What age groups does H. influenzae type b (hib) generally affect?
A
Occurs mostly in babies & children < 5 yrs
OR
Adults 65 yrs or older
5
Q
H. influenzae type b can affect people with certain medical conditions including:
A
Sickle cell disease
Asplenia
HIV infection
Ab & complement deficiency syndromes
Pts undergoing cancer Tx
6
Q
Is H. influenzae type b (hib) vaccine the same as the annual flu shot?
A
no
7
Q
H. Influenzae type b (hib) can cause what 2 infections in infants & young children?
A
Meningitis &/ or penumonia
8
Q
Hib vaccination schedule for infants & children:
A
2, 4, 6 mos & 12 through 15 mos
9
Q
Hib vaccination schedule for adults:
A
1 to 3 doses depending on indication
10
Q
How is Hepatitis A typically contracted
A
Fecal-oral route → contaminated drinking water/ milk or shellfish in contaminated water
11
Q
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A
A
14-28 days → hard to determine when exposed
12
Q
Hepatitis A can lead to ____ liver & ____
A
Fulminant liver & death
13
Q
Who is hepatitis A vaccine recommended for?
A
International travelers to regions with poor sanitation / high incidence of Hep A
Children @ 12 & 18 mos
14
Q
Hepatitis A is a ____ dose series
A
2 dose series
15
Q
If Hepatitis B is not treated it can lead to
A
Cirrhosis
Liver cancer
Liver failure
16
Q
Who is at increased risk for contracting Hepatitis B
A
IV drug users
Multiple sexual partners
Homosexual males
HC workers → needlesticks/ taking care of those with Hep B
17
Q
Hepatitis B vaccination schedule for infants & children
A
3 dose series
0, 1-2 mos, 6-18 mos
18
Q
When is administration of a 4 dose Hep B vaccine permitted?
A
When a combo vaccine containing Hep B is used after the birth dose
19
Q
What is the minimum age for the final (3rd or 4th) dose of Hep B vaccine?
A
24 mos
20
Q
What do Hepatitis B titers determine?
A
Whether there are memory or no memory cells → if a pt still has immunity
21
Q
Why is HPV vaccine administered?
A
To prevent certain types of cancers (cervical) & infections
22
Q
How many strains of HPV can cause cancer?
A
13
23
Q
What is the vaccine schedule for HPV vaccine?
A
2-3 dose series
Starts at age 11-12 for both girls & boys
24
Q
What is the earliest age HPV vaccine can be given & why?
A
As early as 9 yrs because of sexual abuse
25
By what age should HPV vaccines be completed?
Before age 15
26
HPV vaccine is NOT recommended after what age?
26
27
What are the three FDA approved HPV vaccines?
Gardasil
Cervarix
Gardasil 9
28
Gardasil 9
Only used in the US
Protects against 9/13 strains
**now can be used for both boys & girls**
29
What patients should not receive HPV vaccine?
HPV should NOT be given during pregnancy
30
Annual influenza vaccine helps protects against?
Influenza types A, B, & C
31
Influenza
Highly contagious; spread through respiratory droplets
32
Influenza vaccine schedule
Recommended for all ages (6 mos or >) annually
33
Influenza vaccines may be ____ or ___-____
inactivated or live-attenuated
**experts predict what the predominant strain might be for the next year**
34
Influenza vaccine should be used with caution in those with...
egg allergies
35
Influenza vaccine can take ~ 2 weeks for ____ ____ to kick in
Immune system → meaning you could get the flu within that time
36
Getting the flu vaccine decreases risk of ...
heart attack by 30%
37
Influenza is related to ____
Inflammation
38
Rubella
**German measles**
Milder version of regular measles
-rash fades faster
39
Mumps
Contagious viral infection that causes painful swelling in salivary glands in cheek & jaw
40
Measles
Highly contagious viral infection that causes rash, fever, runny nose, cough, & red eyes
41
How is MMR spread?
respiratory droplets or sharing food/ drinks with infected person
42
What are two vaccines required for children to go to school?
MMR
DTaP
43
MMR vaccine schedule for children
1st dose → 12-15 mos
2nd dose → 4 thru 6 yrs
44
What is another vaccines associated with MMR that children can get?
MMRV → protects against measles, mumps, rubella, & varicella
45
MMRV vaccine is licensed for use in what age groups?
Children who are 12 mos through 12 yrs of age
46
Who else should be up to date on their MMR vaccines?
Teens & adults
47
What has been a controversial finding associated with MMR vaccine?
That MMR is linked to autism → NO evidence that supports this
48
Meningitis B
Disease caused by the bacteria → neisseria meningitidis
49
What can meningitis B lead to?
Meningitis → infection of meninges of the brain & spinal cord & infection of the blood
50
How is meningitis B spread?
Respiratory droplets → infected person coughs or sneezes
Lives on things touched by infected person
Through kissing, or sharing drink/ food w/ infected person
51
Meningitis B vaccine is used to prevent infection caused by
Serogroup B meningococcal bacteria
52
Leading risk of meningitis B in what age group?
Young adult teens
53
What is the likelihood of dying from bacterial meningitis
High likelihood
54
Meningitis B vaccine schedule
May be given at 10 → w/ booster at 16 yrs old
Recommended for 19-23 yrs → 2-3 dose series
Adults at increased risk for meningococcal disease
55
Meningitis B 2-3 dose series is dependent on what two things
vaccine & indication
56
What serogroups cause most meningococcal diseases
Serogroups A, C, W, & Y
57
What vaccine protects against meningococcal A, C, W, Y strains of bacteria?
Meningococcal (MCV04-ACYW)
58
Meningococcal (MCV04-ACYW) vaccine schedule
Two dose series for adolescents 11 through 18
**1st dose → 11/ 12 yrs w/ booster dose at 16**
59
Meningococcal vaccine is recommended for anyone with
Complement component deficiency
Taking complement inhibitor med
Have a damaged spleen or had a splenectomy
Have HIV
traveling to or residing in countries where disease is common
Part of population at increased risk for outbreak
60
Complement component deficiency
Rare immune disorder
61
List 2 examples of complement inhibitor medications
Soliris or ultomiris
62
Who are considered populations at risk for meningococcal outbreaks?
College freshman living in dorms
Military recruits
63
What was the most feared childhood communicable disease during the 1950s?
Polio (poliomyelitis)
64
Polio could lead to ____
Paralysis
65
What was used for people Dx with polio who had trouble breathing from being paralyzed?
Iron lung
66
When was polio eliminated from the US?
1979
67
What is the 3rd vaccination needed for children to go to school in PA?
Polio vaccine
68
Polio vaccine schedule for children
Starting at 2 mos, 4 mos, 6 through 18 mos, & 4-6 yrs
69
A polio lifetime booster dose can be administered to?
Adults at increased risk of exposure to poliovirus & who have previously completed the vaccine series
70
What form of vaccine is polio?
Inactivated form
71
Polio (poliomyelitis):
____ vaccine dosing is no longer available in the US
Oral
72
Pneumococcal conjugate (Prevnar-13 or PCV13)
Protects against 13 types of penumococcal bacteria & ear infections
73
Pneumococcal conjugate is recommended for
All children < 2 yrs
People 2 yrs or > with certain medical conditions
Adults 65 yrs or > can get PCV13
74
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule children (4 dose series)
2, 4, 6, & 12 through 15 mos
75
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule children (single dose)
6-17 years
76
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults
If needed they only get a single dose
77
Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV-23 or pneumovax 13) recommended for
All adults 65 yrs or >
People 2-64 yrs with certain medical conditions
Adults 19-64 yrs who smoke cigarettes
78
Why should ALL adults 65 yrs or > get the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine?
Pneumonia is more prevalent in older population
79
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine schedule
ALL adults → 1-2 doses, depending on indications
**Adults 65 yrs or > get 1 dose**
80
Rotavirus
Contagious viral illness causing severe, watery diarrhea
81
What illness is the leading cause of childhood death worldwide?
Rotavirus
82
Rotavirus Vaccine schedule
Two or three dose series beginning at 2 mos
83
RotaTeq vaccine
Given in 3 doses → 2, 4, & 6 mos
84
Rotarix
Given in 2 doses → 2 & 4 mos
85
When should the first dose of either Rotavirus vaccine be given?
Before 15 weeks of age
86
By what age should children have received all doses of rotavirus vaccine?
Before they turn 8 mos old
87
What route is the Rotavirus vaccine administered?
Orally
88
What form of vaccine is the Rotavirus vaccine?
Live-attenuated → will NOT cause disease
89
Varicella
**AKA: chicken pox**
Highly contagious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
90
What helps chicken pox to spread?
Purulent pus
91
When is the only time chicken pox are not contagious?
When they scab over → takes a while
92
Varicella vaccine schedule
**Two dose series**
1st dose → 12-15 mos
2nd dose → 4-6 yrs
93
Varicella vaccine schedule for adolescents & adults (w/o evidence of immunity)
Receive 2 dose series 4-8 weeks apart
94
What vaccine form is varicella vaccine?
Live-attenuated → will NOT get disease
95
Varicella can be given with what other vaccine?
MMR → known as MMRV
96
What is the 4th vaccine children need to attend school?
Varicella vaccine
97
Varicella-zoster virus
**AKA: Shingles**
Painful rash that occurs in people who HAVE had chicken pox
98
Varicella-zoster virus lies dormant where?
Just outside the spinal cord → may never affect you
99
Varicella-zoster virus is ____ of the virus
Reactivation
100
Varicella-zoster virus follows ___ ____
Nerve endings → get it on the face or trunk
101
What type of pain does Varicella-zoster virus cause?
Hot, burning, neuropathic type pain
102
Transmission of Varicella-Zoster virus
Airborne droplets or direct contact with open blisters
103
Varicella-zoster vaccine schedule
Shingrix → vaccine
2 dose series → 2-6 mos apart for adults > 50 yrs
104
Varicella-zoster virus has an _____ response
Inflammatory response
**affects blood vessels & can cause cardiac problems**
105
Live-attenuated vaccines
Microorganism in vaccine is alive but has been weakned (attenuated)
106
Explain the immune response of Live-attenuated vaccines
Virtually identical to that produced by the infection
107
How many doses do most live vaccines require?
1-2 doses
108
Live-attenuated vaccines should be avoided in what types of patients?
Those with immunodeficiency
109
List examples of Live-attenuated vaccines
MMR
Varicella
Typhoid
Cholera
BCG → To prevent Tb
110
What live-attenuated vaccines are given if traveling to a country with high incidence of disease?
Dengue
Yellow fever
Smallpox
Ebola
Adenovirus
111
Non-live vaccines
Inactivating microbe or vaccine produced through genetic technology
112
Non live vaccines can be composed of ____ or ____ of the organism
whole or part
113
Non live vaccines can be either ____ based or ____ based
protein based or polysaccharide based
114
Given an example of a protein based non live vaccine
Toxoids
115
Which vaccine requires multiple doses to achieve an immune response
Non-live vaccines
116
Non live vaccines may also require a supplemental _____ dose
booster
117
List examples of non live vaccines
Polio
Hepatitis A
Some influenza vaccines
Pertussis
H. influenzae type B
Pneumococcal
Meningococcal
Rabies
Anthrax
Japanese encephalitis
118
Adverse effects of vaccines can be associated with ____ or ____ responses
Immune or inflammatory responses
119
Vaccines adverse effects:
Localized
**up to 80%**
Pain; swelling; redness at injection site
Typically mild Sx
120
Vaccines adverse effects:
Systemic
fever; malaise; muscle pain; H/A
Ex. fevers from COVID vaccine
121
What is a rare adverse effect of vaccines?
Severe hypersensitivity
122
If someone has an adverse reaction to a vaccine who can call to report it?
**ANYONE**
Ex. patient, nurse, HC provider, etc
123
Contraindications of vaccines
Presence of immune deficiency
Pregnancy
Known allergy to any vaccine components
Pt receiving immunoglobulin
Pts who received blood or blood products within last 3 mos
Acute infection
124
Vaccines should not be given with what 2 medications?
Immunosuppressants
Corticosteroids
125
Caution to giving vaccines in
Children with Hx of febrile convulsions or cerebral injury
Any condition in which potential fever could be contagious
126
Vaccine patient education
ALL should be given VIS
(vaccine information sheet)
