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Vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

Vaccine

A

Substance used to stimulate antibody production and provide immunity against one or more diseases w/o inducing disease
1. Barriers
A. Rumors
B. Myths

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2
Q

Goals of disease management

A
  1. Disease control (disease currently present)
  2. Disease prevention
  3. Disease elimination - in given location w/ cont intervention
  4. Disease eradication - globally w/o intervention
  5. Disease extinction - not present in nature or lab
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3
Q

Threshold population

A

Susceptible pop large enough for pathogen to become est. and persist

  1. Related to basic reproduction # of pathogen
  2. If susceptible falls below pathogen not transmitted
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4
Q

Herd immunity

A

Unvaccinated protected by vaccinated

  1. R0 = avg. # secondary cases from one primary case in susceptible pop
  2. Inc # resistant hosts
  3. % of pop that need to be immune retaliated to R0 = 1-1/R0
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5
Q

Passive immunity

A 
1. Purified antibodies
  A. Antitoxins/anti venom
  B. Tumors immunotherapy
  C. Part of rabies tx 
2. Maternal protection
  A. IgG across placenta
  B. Breast milk IgA
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6
Q

Active immunity

A
  1. Dev naturally after infection or vaccination
  2. Slower immunity dev
  3. Long-lasting immunity
  4. Possible immunological memory
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7
Q

Live attenuated

A
  1. Infectious
  2. Loss of virulence factors
  3. Risks
    A. Reversion to virulent - rare
    B. Recombination to virulent - rare
    C. Disease in immunocompromised pts
    D. Temp sensitivity
    E. Contaminating viruses
    F. Abortigenic/teratogenic
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8
Q

Live attenuated vaccine examples

A
  1. MMR
  2. Influenza (mist)
  3. Varicella
  4. Rotavirus
  5. Yelllow fever
  6. Small pox
  7. BCG
  8. Oral polio
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9
Q

Inactivated/killed vaccines

A
  1. Can’t replicate
  2. Inactivated:
    A. Chemically
    1. Formaldehyde
    2. Thiomersal
    3. Ethylene oxide
    4. Beta-proiolactone
    5. Ethylenimine
      B. Temp
      C. Irradiation - not dead, just inactivated
  3. Cons
    A. Less effective than live
    B. DIVA prob = distinguishing infected from vaccinated
  4. Toxoidsi
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10
Q

Toxoids

A

Inactivated pathogenic toxins that induce host antitoxins

  1. Tetanus toxoid
  2. Diptheria toxoid
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11
Q

Genetically engineered vaccines

A 
1. Recombinant DNA
  A. 2+ species DNA combined
  B. Gene segments/fragments
  C. Plasmids
  D. Naked DNA
  E. HIV experimental vaccine
2. Virus-like particles
  A. Used in HPV vaccine
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12
Q

Alum

A

Commonly used adjuvant

  1. Promotes aggregates for phagocytosis
  2. Th2 skew
  3. Boosters necessary
  4. Allergies and granulomas possible
  5. Keeps vaccine in one place
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13
Q

Adverse events to vaccines

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Injection site problems
  3. Inadequate inactivation
  4. Recombination
  5. Disease in immunocompromised pts
  6. Dec effectiveness
    A. Temp variations
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14
Q

Dengue fever vaccine

A

Dengvaxia: first promising dengue vaccine
1. Widespread globally early 2016
2. Live recombinant tetravalent vaccine
A. 3 doses, 6mo apart
3. 80% effective
4. Countries funded vaccines
5. If vaccination is 1st exposure, next exposure more severe than never vaccinated
A. Maybe antibody enhances pathogenesis

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15
Q

Ideal vaccines

A
  1. Cheap
  2. High quality
  3. Stable at variable temps
  4. Long shelf life w/o preservatives
  5. Induce correct, protective response
  6. Multivalent
  7. Induce immune memory
  8. No ADE
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16
Q

Vaccine 10 commandments

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Not every person needs every vaccine
  2. Core vaccine = every person should get it
  3. Give to as many herd members as possible
  4. Young -> special considerations
  5. Immunize as infrequently as possible - avoid infection risk
  6. Not for pregnant women unless specifically recommended
  7. Not for ill/immunocompromised unless specifically recommended
  8. Decide w/ pt which/when to give
  9. Read and understand data sheet
  10. Keep records of vaccinations and ADEs
17
Q

Vaccination schedules

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Hep B only one given at birth

2. Those given in susceptible window usually boosted

18
Q

Vaccines given under 1 y/o

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A
  1. Hep B
  2. Rotavirus
  3. DTaP
  4. HiB
  5. Pneumococcal
  6. Polio
  7. Flu
19
Q

Vaccines given at 1 y/o

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. MMR
  2. Chickenpox
  3. Hep A
20
Q

Vaccines given over 7 y/o

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. TDaP
  2. HPV
  3. Meningococcal
21
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Over-active IgG
  2. Immune complexes
  3. Arthus rxn:
    A. Local vasculitis and necrosis
    B. Extensive and painful swelling

Immunolgy (8 decks)

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