White Blood Cells

Question 1

Lymphocytes

Answer 1

Derived from common lymphoid precursor

1. B cells
2. T cells
3. Natural Killer cells
4. Monocyte derivatives (Macrophages and dendritic cells)

Question 2

B cells

Answer 2

Lymphocyte
Mature in bone marrow
Adaptive 
1. Plasma (antibodies)
2. Memory

Question 3

T cells

Answer 3

Lymphocyte
Adaptive
Mature in Thymus
1. Tc- cytotoxic
2. Th- helper (cytokines)
3. Treg- suppress immune response

Question 4

Natural Killer cell

Answer 4

Lymphocyte 
Innate
Important in early viral infection
Needs activation & inhibitory regulation
Cytotoxic granule compartments
1. Porforin- pore forming protein
2. Granzymes- trigger apoptosis

Question 5

Innate Immune fxn

Answer 5

1. Phagocytosis- neutrophils, monocytes cells, eosinophils
   * pattern recognition receptors
2. Cytokines- mostly macrophages & T cells
3. Degranulation
   * Basophil & mast cells- chem mediators
   * Eosinophils & NK- cytotoxic chem

Question 6

Monocytes

Answer 6

Differentiate > macrophages & dendritic cells
Circulate in blood
Fxn: antigen presentation, phagocytosis, cytokine production

Question 7

Macrophages

Answer 7

Derived from monocytes

1. M1- cytotoxicity during infections (soldiers)
2. M2- cleans up afterward

Question 8

Dendritic cells

Answer 8

Derived from monocytes

1. Conventional
   * in peripheral tissue
   * migrate to lymphoid tissue
   * antigen presenting to T cells
2. Plasmacytoid- Innate
   * anti-viral, type 1 interferons
3. Follicular

Question 9

Granulocytes

Answer 9

Innate
Degranulation
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Mast cells

Question 10

Neutrophils

Answer 10

Granulocyte
Phage > degranulate
1st responder
Extra cellular traps (NET)- flip inside out to catch stuff
1. Immature- banded nucleus
2. Mature- segmented nucleus (<5 lobes)
3. Hypersegmented (>5 lobes) - can indicate B12/folate deficiency in pregnancy

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

Granulocyte
Degranulation > phagocytosis
Granules stain red
Inflammatory/allergies/parasites- Bind to IgE fragment
Highly toxic granules
1. Major basic proteins
2. Cationic proteins
3. Peroxidase proteins

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

Granulocytes
Degranulation
Stain blue/purple
Inflammation/allergies- histamine & heparin
Circulate in blood
Receptors for IgE

Question 13

Mast cells

Answer 13

“Devil cells”
Granulocytes
Degranulation
Stain blue/purple
Inflammation/allergies- histamine & heparin
In tissues
Receptors for IgE

Question 14

Leukocytosis

Answer 14

Infection, cancers

Question 15

Leukopenia

Answer 15

Autoimmune, infection, cancer tx, steroids

Question 16

Lymphocytosis

Answer 16

Infections, leukemia, lymphoma

Question 17

Lymphocytopenia

Answer 17

Corticosteroids
Stress
Intense exercise
Cancer tx

Question 18

Monocytosis

Answer 18

Chronic inflammation

Question 19

Monocytopenia

Answer 19

Acute infection
Steroids
Stress

Question 20

Neutrophils

Answer 20

Infection, inflammation, injury

Question 21

Neutropenia

Answer 21

Increased risk of infection

Question 22

Eosinophilia

Answer 22

Parasitic infection

Allergies

Question 23

Eosinopenia

Answer 23

Acute infection
Inflammation
Steroids

Question 24

Basophilia

Answer 24

Inflammation
Allergies
Myelocytic leukemia

Question 25

Basopenia

Answer 25

Hyperthyroid Steroid Pregnancy Stress