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vaccines lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major parts of immune system

A
  • innate
  • adaptive
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2
Q

what is the innate immune system

A

First line of defense
- Responds quickly to invaders
- Primed and ready to fight at all times
- No adaptation in response (same response on re-exposure)
- Acts to confine invader and stops spread
- No memory persists afterwards

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3
Q

what is the adaptive immune system

A

Second line of defense
- Slower response
- Adapts to invaders (faster and stronger response on re-exposure)
- Memory persists afterwards

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4
Q

The innate immune system has 3 main part what are they

A
  • physical barriers
  • chemical barriers
  • cellular barriers
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5
Q

The adaptive immune system has 2 main part what are they

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
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6
Q

what are the types of immunity

A
  • Passive
  • active
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7
Q

what is passive immunity

A
  • can be natural or artificial
  • natural: Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby
  • artificial: Antibodies acquired from a medicine
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8
Q

what is active immunity

A
  • can be natural or artificial
  • natural: Antibodies developed in response to an infection
  • artificial: Antibodies developed in response to a vaccination
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9
Q

what is an antigen

A

Antigen = molecular structure which may be present on the outside surface of a pathogen that triggers response an immune.

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10
Q

What is an antibody

A

Antibody = proteins produced by B cells. They are specialised Y-shaped proteins that tag antigens for destruction

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11
Q

what is a vaccine

A

Vaccination = when a vaccine has been administered to you

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12
Q

what is immunisation

A

Immunisation = process of what happens in your body after you have received a vaccine

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13
Q

Give an example of a pathogen

A

SARS-CoV-2 ( Covid-19 )

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 ( Covid-19 ) pathogen

A

SPIKE PROTEINS
- The spike proteins are anchored into the viral envelope and form a crown like appearance. The spike proteins attach to the target cell and allow the virus to enter it

ENVELOPE
- The RNA is surrounded by an envelope which has different roles in the life cycle of the virus. These may include the assembly of the new virus and helping the new virus to leave the infected cell

RNA
- The RNA is inside the envelope and acts as a template so that once it is inside the host cell, the coronavirus can replicate itself and be released into the body

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15
Q

what is the R₀ value

A
  • Term that describes how contagious/transmissible
    an infection disease is
  • R0=Basic Reproduction Number
  • Average number of secondary cases arising from a
    primary infection case in an entirely susceptible population
  • R₀ < 1
  • R₀ = 1
    -R₀ >1
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16
Q

what is herd immunity

A

Refers to indirect protection of a community of people from a disease by immunising a critical proportion of that population

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17
Q

What is a vaccine?

A
  • A vaccine is a biological preparation
  • Typically contains weakened or inactive parts of a particular disease-causing pathogen
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18
Q

what do vaccines do

A
  • Improves immunity to a particular disease
  • Triggers an immune response within the body
  • Relies on the generation of immunological memory
  • Mimics a natural infection without causing illness to the individual
  • Protects not only the vaccinated individual but also their community
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19
Q

how do vaccines work

A

Vaccination ‘programs’ the immune system to remember a particular disease pathogen by allowing it to ‘practice’ on a weakened or killed version of the pathogen. This is called primary response to a pathogen

If the pathogen invades the body again in full strength, the immune system is ready to respond quickly. This is called a secondary response to a pathogen. Secondary responses happen faster and at a greater magnitude than primary responses, resulting in the creation of more antibodies to fight the pathogen and more memory cells to fight it in the future

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20
Q

what do an ideal vaccine do

A
  • Produce the same immune protection which usually follows natural infection but without causing disease
  • Generate long lasting immunity
  • Interrupt the spread of infection
21
Q

what are the 3 main types of vaccines

A
  • Whole pathogen vaccines
  • Subunit vaccines
  • Nucleic acid vaccines
  • Viral vectored vaccines
22
Q

Whole pathogen vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated

23
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

Conjugate
Toxoid
Recombinant protein

24
Q

Nucleic acid vaccines

25
Viral vectored vaccines
Viral vectored
26
Live attenuated vaccines
Obtained from live pathogenic organisms Pathogenic organisms are treated to become attenuated (or weakened) – lose capacity to induce full-blown disease but retain immunogenicity Pathogenic organism is attenuated by introducing it into a species in which it does not replicate well or forcing it to replicate repeatedly in tissue culture Activates T-killer cells
27
advantages of Live attenuated vaccines
Most potent of all types of vaccines – mimic real infection Produces a strong immune response Typically produce long-term immunity after one or two doses
28
Limitations of Live attenuated vaccines
Potential to revert to virulent/infectious form Poor stability – require strict control of storage and transport conditions Should not be administered to immunocompromised patients (e.g. blood cancer patients, pregnant women, chemo/radiation therapy patients)
29
Examples of Live attenuated vaccines
Part of the routine immunisation schedule Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Rotavirus Nasal Influenza Shingles Travel Vaccines MMR Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) – protection against tuberculosis Oral Typhoid Yellow Fever
30
Inactivated vaccines
Obtained through thermal of chemical inactivation of pathogenic agents Pathogens remain immunogenic but can’t replicate within the host
31
advantages of Inactivated vaccines
Safer than live attenuated vaccines (low risk of reverting to the virulent, infected form) Usually more stable than live attenuated vaccines – easier to store and transport
32
Limitations of Inactivated vaccines
Excessive inactivation treatment can destroy immunogenicity Insufficient treatment can leave infectious agents present in the vaccine Requires mandatory booster immunisations
33
Examples of inactivated vaccines
Part of the routine immunisation schedule Polio Injectable Influenza Hepatitis A (specialist groups only) Travel Vaccines Cholera Hepatitis A Japanese Encephalitis Polio Rabies Tick-borne Encephalitis Injectable Typhoid
34
Subunit vaccines
One or more antigenic fragments of the pathogen (e.g. proteins, polysaccharides, capsid) are used to stimulate the immune response Antigens may be obtained through recombinant protein expression, production in yeast cells or bacteria or extraction from infected cells Generally require addition of an adjuvant
35
advantages of Subunit vaccines
Immune response can focus on antigenic fragment of the pathogen only Safer than whole pathogen vaccines because do not contain whole pathogen Usually more stable than whole pathogen vaccines – easier to transport and distribute Can be given safely to immunocompromised patient
36
Limitations of Subunit vaccines
Highly complicated manufacturing process, requiring synthesis, isolation and purification steps to obtain the antigen Less immunogenic than whole pathogen vaccines – requires booster immunisations Local side effects (e.g. sore at injection site) more common with these types of vaccines
37
Conjugate vaccines
Made using the polysaccharides, or sugars, that form the outer coating of many bacteria Part of the routine immunisation schedule Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) Pneumococcal Meningococcal ACWY Travel Vaccines Meningococcal ACWY
38
Toxoid vaccines
Made using inactivated version of bacteria releasing toxins Elicit immune responses against disease-causing proteins, or toxins, secreted by the bacteria Called ‘toxoids’ because they look like toxins but are not poisonous Part of the routine immunisation schedule Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Travel Vaccines Tetanus
39
Recombinant Protein vaccines
made using bacterial or yeast cells to manufacture the vaccine Part of the routine immunisation schedule Human papillomavirus (HPV) Hepatitis B (specialist groups only) Meningococcal (MenB) Travel Vaccines Hepatitis B
40
Nucleic acid vaccines
Unlike other vaccines, these vaccines do not supply the protein antigen to the body Provide the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of specific antigens to develop immunity Nucleic Acid Vaccines include: DNA and RNA Vaccines
41
advantages of Nucleic acid vaccines
Safer than whole pathogen vaccines because do not contain whole pathogen Relatively easy to manufacture
42
Limitations of Nucleic acid vaccines
RNA vaccines requires ultra low storage (< - 70°C) Booster immunisations may be necessary
43
examples of Nucleic acid vaccines
RNA vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA) inside a lipid (fat) membrane RNA vaccines are not capable of combining with the human genetic code (DNA) COVID-19 - BioNTech Pfizer - Moderna
44
RNA vaccines
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine Contains the genetic sequence (mRNA) for the spike protein, which is found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, wrapped in a lipid envelope When injected, the mRNA is taken up by the host's cells, which translate the genetic information and produce the spike proteins This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T-cells
45
Viral vectored vaccines
Like nucleic acid vaccines, these vaccines do not supply the protein antigen to the body Provide the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of the antigen to host cells using a safe virus In turn, the cells produce the antigen which stimulates an immune response Viral vectored vaccines include: Replicating and non-replicating vaccines
46
advantages of Viral vectored vaccines
Safer than whole pathogen vaccines because do not contain whole pathogen Relatively easy to manufacture Cheaper to produce than nucleic acid vaccines and subunit vaccines
47
Limitations of Viral vectored vaccines
Booster immunisations may be necessary
48
examples of Viral vectored vaccines
Non-replicating viral vectors do not retain the ability to make new viral particles during the process of delivering the vaccine antigen to the cell COVID-19 - Oxford AstraZeneca
49
Viral vectored vaccines
Non-replicating viral vector vaccine Uses part of a weakened adenovirus as a carrier to deliver the genetic sequence for the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein into cells When injected, the modified adenovirus binds to the surface of human cells and delivers the genetic code (mRNA) for the spike protein This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T-cells

PMY2006 (12 decks)

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