Vaccinology and Comparative Immunology

Question 1

What is the AVMA’s principle for vaccination?

Answer 1

vaccination is a medical procedure and the products used vary in efficacy and safety and are not necessarily indicated for all patients and does not protect every individual even when they are properly vaccinated

Question 2

What three government agencies are involved in regulating veterinary products?

Answer 2

Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Department of Agriculture

Question 3

What veterinary products does the Food and Drug Administration regulate?

Answer 3

drugs, medicated feeds, and animal devices

Question 4

What veterinary products does the Environmental Protection Agency regulate?

Answer 4

topical insecticides

Question 5

What veterinary products does the United States Department of Agriculture regulate?

Answer 5

veterinary biologics - vaccines, bacterins, antisera, diagnostic kits, and other products of biological origin

Question 6

What must all USDA liscences be?

Answer 6

pure, safe, potent, and efficacious

Question 7

What are all USDA liscences not?

Answer 7

worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful

Question 8

What are the criteria for autogenous vaccines?

Answer 8

some safety and sterility testing is required, no potency or efficacy testing is required

Question 9

What are the criteria for conditional vaccines?

Answer 9

they assure purity and safety, and have a reasonable expectation of efficacy

Question 10

What are the criteria for intentional introduction of disease?

Answer 10

there is no purity, safety, potency, and efficacy data generated for the USDA

Question 11

What type of information is provided ona vaccine label?

Answer 11

prevent infection, prevention of disease, aid in disease prevention, aid in disease control

Question 12

What is the difference between the label of ‘prevent infection’ and ‘aid in disease control’?

Answer 12

prevent infection’ indicates the highest efficacy and ‘aid in disease control’ indicates the lowest efficacy

Question 13

What are two advantages to using modified live vaccines?

Answer 13

they provide more rapid protection and longer lasting immunity

Question 14

What are two disadvantages to using modified live vaccines?

Answer 14

they can lose their potency or they have the potential to revert to virulence

Question 15

What are two advantages to using inactivated vaccines?

Answer 15

they are generally safer than modified live vaccines and there is no rist to reversion to virulence

Question 16

What are two disadvantages to using inactivated vaccines?

Answer 16

there is an increased risk of a hypersensitivity reactino , and two doses are usually required initially for immunity

Question 17

What are two advantages to using autogeneous vaccines?

Answer 17

they are specific to the farm/population they are used on and they ccan be used when no commercially licensed product is available

Question 18

What are two disadvantages to using autogenous vaccines?

Answer 18

there is no potency or efficacy testing required and their safety is not guranteed

Question 19

What various factors can be a reasons that vaccines fail to protect?

Answer 19

Perceived that it hasn’t worked when it actually has, due to problems with the vaccine or administration, due to factors associated with the host, overwhelming challenge dose, or inadequate duration of immunity

Question 20

What is an example of an adverse event to vaccination?

Answer 20

fever, lethargy, and loss of apetite 24 hours after vaccination due to pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 21

Based on the Moore studies, what factors are associated with increased adverse vaccine events in dogs?

Answer 21

they occur most often when the number of vaccines given at the same time increase and when the dog weighs less (small dogs)

Question 22

What are the general complexities associated with determining the duration of immunity for a vaccine?

Answer 22

you have to figure out what the titer means and how to use it, how long the animal is protected, exposure to pathogens in nature may boost the immunity, each animal has a different response to the given vaccine

Question 23

How is duration of immunity for vaccines determined in humans?

Answer 23

epidemiology clinics - sentinel groups are monitered for titer, surveillance studies are done and adjustments are made based on disease incidence in vaccinated individuals, and mathematical modeling

Question 24

What are some factors tat can impact duration of immunity in an individual animal?

Answer 24

the type of vaccine, dose of vaccine, storage of vaccine, animals health, and virulence of the strain

Question 25

What mechanisms of maternal antibody interfere with vaccination?

Answer 25

opsinization of the antigen by maternal antibody, negative feedback by IgG that turns off B cellsand inhibittheir response

Question 26

What influences the response to vaccination in the presence of maternal antibody?

Answer 26

maternal antibody titer, immune mechanisms responsible for protection, characteristics of the pathogen, characteristics of the vaccine, immune competence of the neonate

Question 27

Draw and label a graph that explains the reason for using a series of vaccinations in puppies and kittens.

Answer 27

It should look like this

Question 28

Illustrate and explain with a labeled drawing how it is often the additive effect of immunosuppressive factors that result in clinical disease and not one factor alone. Include at least two factors that decrease resistance to disease and one factor that will boost or increase resistance.

Answer 28

It should look like this

Question 29

What are the most conserved immune protective mechanisms present in insects up through mammals?

Answer 29

pattern recognition receptors and antibacterial peptides

Question 30

How do birds transfer immunity to their young?

Answer 30

IgG (IgY) is passed through the yolk and IgA is secreted into the albumin

Question 31

What is immersion vaccination in fish?

Answer 31

vaccination is accomplished by placing fish in water with solubilized or suspended vaccine antigen

Question 32

What influences the efficacy of immersion vaccination in fish?

Answer 32

antigen concentration, length of immersion time, water temperature, pH, and salt concentration, size of fish, stress, anesthetics, adjuvants, and physical state of antigen

Question 33

What is one of the major challenges of vaccinating crustaceans?

Answer 33

they do not have adaptive immunity

Question 34

What defense mechanism is important to protect against bacterial septicemia?

Answer 34

opsonizing antibody

Question 35

What should a vaccine include if it is trying to protect against a exotoxin?

Answer 35

neutralizing antibody (IgG)

Question 36

What should a vaccine include if it is trying to protect against an intracellular viral infection?

Answer 36

cytotoxic T cells

Question 37

To get an IgA response, what type of vaccine would you want to use and how would you give it?

Answer 37

killed vaccine subcutaneously