Valid argument forms

Question 1

What is the form of modus ponens?

Answer 1

If p, then q.
p.
Therefore, q.

Question 2

What is the form of modus tollens?

Answer 2

If p, then q.
Not q.
Therefore, not p.

Question 3

What is the form of disjunctive syllogism?

Answer 3

Either p or q.
Not p.
Therefore, q.

Question 4

What is the form of hypothetical syllogism?

Answer 4

If p, then q.
If q, then r.
So, if p, then r.

Question 5

What is the form of dilemma?

Answer 5

Either p or q.
If p, then r.
If q, then s.
Either r or s.

Question 6

What is a conditional statement?

Answer 6

If p, then q.

Question 7

If p, then q. State the antecedent and the consequent.

Answer 7

Antecedent—p
Consequent—q

Question 8

What is validity?

Answer 8

validity is only concerned with the link between the conclusion and the premise.
It is not concerned with the truth/falsity of the premises or the conclusion.
A valid argument is one where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.

Question 9

An argument that follows a valid argument form is necessarily valid. True of false?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

An argument that follows an invalid argument is almost always (but not necessarily) invalid. True or false?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the form of denying the antecedent?

Answer 11

If p, then q.
Not p.
Therefore, not q.

Question 12

What is the form of affirming the consequent?

Answer 12

If p, then q.
q.
Therefore, p.

Question 13

What is soundness?

Answer 13

Concerned with the premise in a valid argument.
An argument is sound if the argument is valid and all its premises are true.
Soundness=Validity + Truth

Question 14

Is “due to” a premise indicator?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Is “We can infer this from” a premise indicator?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Is “as a result of” a premise indicator?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Is “for” a premise indicator?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Is “consequently” a conclusion indicator?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Is “as such” a conclusion indicator?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Is “ we can infer that” a conclusion indicator?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Is “as a result” a conclusion indicator?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Is “henceforth” an indicator?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Is “in summary” an indicator?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Is “if” and “either” an indicator?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

My stand is that the state of nature is warlike. This can be seen from the fact that there is no clear authority figure in the state of nature, and when you have a group of people Iiving together without one, there will be chaos and fighting. How many premises are there here in the subject of philosophy? Which of the following statement about the argument, as it is presented in the passage, is false? A) There is a derived premise. B) There are no conclusion indicators used. C) There is only one premise indicator used. D) With the addition of a conditional, it can be in the form of a Modus Ponens.

Answer 25

A or B

Question 26

Select the correct definitions for validity and soundness. (A) Validity --> follows a valid argument form e.g. modus ponens Soundness --> valid argument with all true premises (B) validity --> conclusion necessarily follows from the premises Soundness --> all true premises and a true conclusion (C) Validity --> Premises necessarily lead to the conclusion Soundness--> valid argument containing no false premises (D) Validity--> sound argument with all true premises Soundness --> conclusion necessarily follows from the premises

Answer 26

C for option A, the definition for validity is false while the definition for soundness is true for option B the definition for validity is true while the definition for soundness is false for option c, the definitions for validity and soundness are true for option d, both definitions are false

Question 27

Which of the following statements about counter-arguments is false? (A) A counter-argument can be an argument to show that the original argument is invalid. (B) A counter-argument can challenge the truth of an explicit premise of the original argument. (C) A counter-argument can challenge the conclusion of the original argument. (D) A counter-argument can be unsound.

Answer 27

C

Question 28

Consider any argument with three premises. Which of the following statements about this argument is false? (A) if one of the premises, is false, the argument cannot be sound (B) if all the premises are true, the conclusion has to be true. (C) if the conclusion is false, the argument cannot be sound. (D) all the premises can be false.

Answer 28

B based on the question "consider any argument" means that it can be invalid or unsound for A, valid argument with only true premises will have a true conclusion so if one premise is false, it will mot be valid and thus not be sound for B, only for valid arguments but since it is "consider any arguments" it will not be the case and will not be true for other arguments for C, conclusion has to be true to show that it is valid. if conclusion is false, it is not valid and thus not sound. for d, you won't know if all the premises can be false.