valves and vessels

Question 1

function of valves

Answer 1

ensure blood flows in the correct direction by opening to allow blood through and closing to prevent backflow.

Question 2

structure of mitral or bicuspid left AV valve

Answer 2

has 2 cusps

Question 3

structure of tricuspid right AV valve and the difference in dogs

Answer 3

3 cusps but 2 in dogs with several small commissural cusps at the free edge.

Question 4

what are valve cusps joined together by and to

Answer 4

by strands of fibrous tissue called chordae tendinae to muscular projections of the ventricular walls called the papillary muscles.

Question 5

how many cusps are attached to each muscle?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

how many muscles to each cusp by the chordae

Answer 6

2

Question 7

what do the chordae prevent the cusps from doing

Answer 7

prevent cusps from everting into the atrium during ventricular systole.

Question 8

function of semilunar valves

Answer 8

prevent arterial blood flowing back into the ventricles in diastole.

Question 9

structure of semilunar valves

Answer 9

made up of 3 semilunar shaped cusps which meet tightly in the middle due to thickening contact areas,

Question 10

annulus fibrosis

Answer 10

supports the valves
fibrous skeleton which also serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

Question 11

function of arteries

Answer 11

takes blood away from heart

Question 12

function of capillaries

Answer 12

exchange gas, nutrients, heat and waste products

Question 13

function of veins

Answer 13

returns blood to heart.

Question 14

where are large elastic arteries found and what is good about them

Answer 14

found near heart eg aorta
able to withstand the high pressure output from the heart due to the proportion of elastic tissue in their walls.

Question 15

structure and location of muscular arteries

Answer 15

contain some elastic tissue and have large amount of smooth muscle.
found further from the heart than elastic arteries

Question 16

what are arterioles and what are they made from

Answer 16

arteries that branch into smaller arteries
contain a thinner layer of smooth muscle.

Question 17

what are precapillary arterioles and what are they made from

Answer 17

arterioles that divide further.
intermittent smooth muscle cells and no elastic layer.

Question 18

where do precapillary arterioles terminate

Answer 18

in beds of thin walled capillaries

Question 19

what do the smooth muscle contained within the walls of the capillaries act as and what is their function

Answer 19

precapillary sphincter zone
regulates blood flow into the capillary

Question 20

what is collateral circulation

Answer 20

when arteries give off side branches as a safety net in case of blockage in the main trunk. they accommodate increased blood flow when the main route is compromised.

Question 21

retia

Answer 21

networks formed by inter-arterial anastomoses.

Question 22

end arteries

Answer 22

arteries that do not have collateral circulation

Question 23

ischaemia

Answer 23

blood supply to an area being cut off due to blockage if an end artery

Question 24

persistent ischaemia leads to …

Answer 24

infarction and necrosis of the tissue

Question 25

what is the modified capillary called

Answer 25

sinusoid

Question 26

function of sinusoid

Answer 26

connect the arterial wall to the venous side of the circulation

Question 27

anatomy of sinusoids and where they are located

Answer 27

very thin walled, large diameter tubular channels bone marrow and liver tissues

Question 28

what do gaps between sinusoids allow

Answer 28

free communication between the blood plasma in the sinusoid and the surrounding tissues and movement of cells

Question 29

speed of blood movement through sinusoids

Answer 29

slowly

Question 30

what do the post-capillary venules allow and what is this process called

Answer 30

allow diffusion to occur which allows the movement of cells out of the vessel lumen = diapedesis

Question 31

diapedesis

Answer 31

the means by which blood cells move out of the circulation and into tissues to fight infections

Question 32

what are the 3 direct capillaries called

Answer 32

thoroughfare channels, metarterioles or arteriovenous capillaries.

Question 33

function of arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 33

vessels that enable a capillary bed to be shut off entirely (or opened up) depending on the needs of the body.

Question 34

function of venules

Answer 34

acts as a blood reservoir

Question 35

what reservoir are arteries

Answer 35

pressure

Question 36

what reservoir is veins

Answer 36

volume

Question 37

why do arteries have a high proportion of elastic tissue

Answer 37

withstand and transfer the high pressure from the ventricles

Question 38

why do arteries have smooth muscle

Answer 38

enables contraction

Question 39

what are the three basic layers that make up veins and arteries and describe their anatomy

Answer 39

tunica intima = internal layer with an endothelial lining tunica media= middle layer containing smooth muscle and elastic tissue tunic adventitia= external layer of connective tissue

Question 40

what are the major vessels of the heart

Answer 40

aorta pulmonary trunk cranial and caudal venae cavae, pulmonary veins and coronary arteries and veins

Question 41

where does the pulmonary trunk arise from

Answer 41

right ventricle on the craniosinistral aspect of the heart

Question 42

where is the pulmonary trunk slightly dilated

Answer 42

just after the origin at the pulmonic valve

Question 43

what does the pulmonary trunk divide into after penetrating the pericardium?

Answer 43

left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 44

where does the left and right pulmonary arteries go

Answer 44

to the hilus of corresponding lungs

Question 45

what do the pulmonary arteries run in company with

Answer 45

principle bronchus and the pulmonary veins

Question 46

where does the pulmonary vein drain into

Answer 46

left atrium

Question 47

what receives the full output of the left ventricle

Answer 47

the aorta

Question 48

which valve is blood pumped through in the aorta

Answer 48

semilunar aortic valve

Question 49

what is the aortic valve

Answer 49

area between atria and forms the sinuses and where the vessels first branch off

Question 50

what does the cranial sinus give rise to

Answer 50

right coronary artery

Question 50

what does the caudosinistral sinus give rise to

Answer 50

left coronary artery

Question 51

what does the aorta give rise to after the aortic bulb

Answer 51

brachiocephalic trunk and paired subclavian arteries

Question 52

what does the brachiocephalic trunk give off and what part of the body do they supply

Answer 52

common cartoid arteries supplies most structures of the head

Question 53

what are the 4 vessels that the subclavian arteries give off

Answer 53

vertebral artery costocervical trunk internal thoracic artery superficial cervical artery

Question 54

what do the subclavian arteries supply

Answer 54

the forelimb neck cervicothoracic junction portion of the brain via the vertebral artery

Question 55

what is the smaller vessel called that is left after the 4 subclavian vessels and what does it supply

Answer 55

axillary artery supplies forelimb and chest wall

Question 56

what does the internal thoracic artery supply after branching off the subclavian

Answer 56

pleura pericardium thymus pectoral muscles cranial mammary glands

Question 57

what does the internal thoracic artery become in the abdomen

Answer 57

cranial epigastric artery

Question 58

what supplies the vertebrae and the ribcage

Answer 58

thoracic aorta via costoabdominal artery

Question 59

what supplies the the tissues of the lungs and oesophagus

Answer 59

thoracic artery via the bronchoesophageal arteries

Question 60

what does the aorta enter the abdomen via

Answer 60

aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 61

what supplies blood to the diaphragm and the cranial abdomen

Answer 61

paired phrenicoabdominal arteries

Question 62

what supplies blood to the lumbar tissues

Answer 62

paired lumbar arteries

Question 63

what supplies blood to the small intestine and part of the large intestine

Answer 63

cranial mesenteric artery

Question 64

what supplies blood to the kidneys

Answer 64

renal arteries

Question 65

what supplies the gonads

Answer 65

testicular/ovarian arteries

Question 66

what does the deep circumflex iliac arteries supply

Answer 66

the flank

Question 67

what branches off caudally to testicular/ovarian arteries and what does it supply

Answer 67

caudal mesenteric artery colon and rectum

Question 68

what do the external iliac arteries supply?

Answer 68

adductors of thigh groin caudal mammary glands

Question 69

what does the internal iliac artery supply

Answer 69

pelvic viscera and walls gluteal muscles proximocaudal thigh

Question 70

what does the aorta become when it diminishes in diameter

Answer 70

medial sacral artery becomes median caudal artery to the tail.

Question 71

what are the 3 major veins that returns blood to the right atrium

Answer 71

cranial vena cava caudal vena cava coronary sinus

Question 72

what vein receives all venous return from the body cranial to the heart

Answer 72

cranial vena cava

Question 73

what veins does the caudal vena cava receive blood from the thorocolumbar area and ribcage via

Answer 73

azygous and internal thoracic

Question 74

which vein does the coronary sinus receive venous blood from the heart wall via and what is the vein in ruminants and pigs called

Answer 74

great cardiac vein azygous

Question 75

where does the azygous vein pass through

Answer 75

aortic hiatus

Question 76

which veins is the head drained by

Answer 76

internal and external jugular

Question 77

which vein is the cranial chest and forelimb drained by

Answer 77

cephalic

Question 78

what 2 veins join to drain the intercostal area and forelimb

Answer 78

axillary and subclavian

Question 79

what drains into the vertebral vein which enters cranial vena cava just cranial to the azygous vein

Answer 79

vertebral venous plexus

Question 80

what vein drains most of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 80

portal

Question 81

what does the hepatic vein drain into

Answer 81

caudal vena cava

Question 82

where do the rectal and anal region drain towards

Answer 82

internal iliac veins which joins external iliac veins which forms left and right common iliac veins

Question 83

what are the left and right common iliac veins joined together by

Answer 83

deep circumflex iliac veins