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cardio vascular > valves and vessels > Flashcards

valves and vessels Flashcards

1
Q

function of valves

A

ensure blood flows in the correct direction by opening to allow blood through and closing to prevent backflow.

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2
Q

structure of mitral or bicuspid left AV valve

A

has 2 cusps

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3
Q

structure of tricuspid right AV valve and the difference in dogs

A

3 cusps but 2 in dogs with several small commissural cusps at the free edge.

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4
Q

what are valve cusps joined together by and to

A

by strands of fibrous tissue called chordae tendinae to muscular projections of the ventricular walls called the papillary muscles.

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5
Q

how many cusps are attached to each muscle?

A

2

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6
Q

how many muscles to each cusp by the chordae

A

2

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7
Q

what do the chordae prevent the cusps from doing

A

prevent cusps from everting into the atrium during ventricular systole.

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8
Q

function of semilunar valves

A

prevent arterial blood flowing back into the ventricles in diastole.

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9
Q

structure of semilunar valves

A

made up of 3 semilunar shaped cusps which meet tightly in the middle due to thickening contact areas,

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10
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

supports the valves
fibrous skeleton which also serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles

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11
Q

function of arteries

A

takes blood away from heart

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12
Q

function of capillaries

A

exchange gas, nutrients, heat and waste products

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13
Q

function of veins

A

returns blood to heart.

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14
Q

where are large elastic arteries found and what is good about them

A

found near heart eg aorta
able to withstand the high pressure output from the heart due to the proportion of elastic tissue in their walls.

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15
Q

structure and location of muscular arteries

A

contain some elastic tissue and have large amount of smooth muscle.
found further from the heart than elastic arteries

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16
Q

what are arterioles and what are they made from

A

arteries that branch into smaller arteries
contain a thinner layer of smooth muscle.

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17
Q

what are precapillary arterioles and what are they made from

A

arterioles that divide further.
intermittent smooth muscle cells and no elastic layer.

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18
Q

where do precapillary arterioles terminate

A

in beds of thin walled capillaries

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19
Q

what do the smooth muscle contained within the walls of the capillaries act as and what is their function

A

precapillary sphincter zone
regulates blood flow into the capillary

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20
Q

what is collateral circulation

A

when arteries give off side branches as a safety net in case of blockage in the main trunk. they accommodate increased blood flow when the main route is compromised.

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21
Q

retia

A

networks formed by inter-arterial anastomoses.

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22
Q

end arteries

A

arteries that do not have collateral circulation

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23
Q

ischaemia

A

blood supply to an area being cut off due to blockage if an end artery

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24
Q

persistent ischaemia leads to …

A

infarction and necrosis of the tissue

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25
Q

what is the modified capillary called

A

sinusoid

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26
Q

function of sinusoid

A

connect the arterial wall to the venous side of the circulation

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27
Q

anatomy of sinusoids and where they are located

A

very thin walled, large diameter tubular channels
bone marrow and liver tissues

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28
Q

what do gaps between sinusoids allow

A

free communication between the blood plasma in the sinusoid and the surrounding tissues and movement of cells

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29
Q

speed of blood movement through sinusoids

A

slowly

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30
Q

what do the post-capillary venules allow and what is this process called

A

allow diffusion to occur which allows the movement of cells out of the vessel lumen = diapedesis

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31
Q

diapedesis

A

the means by which blood cells move out of the circulation and into tissues to fight infections

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32
Q

what are the 3 direct capillaries called

A

thoroughfare channels, metarterioles or arteriovenous capillaries.

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33
Q

function of arteriovenous anastomosis

A

vessels that enable a capillary bed to be shut off entirely (or opened up) depending on the needs of the body.

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34
Q

function of venules

A

acts as a blood reservoir

35
Q

what reservoir are arteries

A

pressure

36
Q

what reservoir is veins

A

volume

37
Q

why do arteries have a high proportion of elastic tissue

A

withstand and transfer the high pressure from the ventricles

38
Q

why do arteries have smooth muscle

A

enables contraction

39
Q

what are the three basic layers that make up veins and arteries and describe their anatomy

A

tunica intima = internal layer with an endothelial lining
tunica media= middle layer containing smooth muscle and elastic tissue
tunic adventitia= external layer of connective tissue

40
Q

what are the major vessels of the heart

A

aorta
pulmonary trunk
cranial and caudal venae cavae, pulmonary veins and coronary arteries and veins

41
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk arise from

A

right ventricle on the craniosinistral aspect of the heart

42
Q

where is the pulmonary trunk slightly dilated

A

just after the origin at the pulmonic valve

43
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk divide into after penetrating the pericardium?

A

left and right pulmonary arteries

44
Q

where does the left and right pulmonary arteries go

A

to the hilus of corresponding lungs

45
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries run in company with

A

principle bronchus and the pulmonary veins

46
Q

where does the pulmonary vein drain into

A

left atrium

47
Q

what receives the full output of the left ventricle

A

the aorta

48
Q

which valve is blood pumped through in the aorta

A

semilunar aortic valve

49
Q

what is the aortic valve

A

area between atria and forms the sinuses and where the vessels first branch off

50
Q

what does the cranial sinus give rise to

A

right coronary artery

50
Q

what does the caudosinistral sinus give rise to

A

left coronary artery

51
Q

what does the aorta give rise to after the aortic bulb

A

brachiocephalic trunk and paired subclavian arteries

52
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk give off and what part of the body do they supply

A

common cartoid arteries
supplies most structures of the head

53
Q

what are the 4 vessels that the subclavian arteries give off

A

vertebral artery
costocervical trunk
internal thoracic artery
superficial cervical artery

54
Q

what do the subclavian arteries supply

A

the forelimb
neck
cervicothoracic junction
portion of the brain via the vertebral artery

55
Q

what is the smaller vessel called that is left after the 4 subclavian vessels and what does it supply

A

axillary artery
supplies forelimb and chest wall

56
Q

what does the internal thoracic artery supply after branching off the subclavian

A

pleura
pericardium
thymus
pectoral muscles
cranial mammary glands

57
Q

what does the internal thoracic artery become in the abdomen

A

cranial epigastric artery

58
Q

what supplies the vertebrae and the ribcage

A

thoracic aorta via costoabdominal artery

59
Q

what supplies the the tissues of the lungs and oesophagus

A

thoracic artery via the bronchoesophageal arteries

60
Q

what does the aorta enter the abdomen via

A

aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

61
Q

what supplies blood to the diaphragm and the cranial abdomen

A

paired phrenicoabdominal arteries

62
Q

what supplies blood to the lumbar tissues

A

paired lumbar arteries

63
Q

what supplies blood to the small intestine and part of the large intestine

A

cranial mesenteric artery

64
Q

what supplies blood to the kidneys

A

renal arteries

65
Q

what supplies the gonads

A

testicular/ovarian arteries

66
Q

what does the deep circumflex iliac arteries supply

A

the flank

67
Q

what branches off caudally to testicular/ovarian arteries and what does it supply

A

caudal mesenteric artery
colon and rectum

68
Q

what do the external iliac arteries supply?

A

adductors of thigh
groin
caudal mammary glands

69
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply

A

pelvic viscera and walls
gluteal muscles
proximocaudal thigh

70
Q

what does the aorta become when it diminishes in diameter

A

medial sacral artery
becomes median caudal artery to the tail.

71
Q

what are the 3 major veins that returns blood to the right atrium

A

cranial vena cava
caudal vena cava
coronary sinus

72
Q

what vein receives all venous return from the body cranial to the heart

A

cranial vena cava

73
Q

what veins does the caudal vena cava receive blood from the thorocolumbar area and ribcage via

A

azygous and internal thoracic

74
Q

which vein does the coronary sinus receive venous blood from the heart wall via and what is the vein in ruminants and pigs called

A

great cardiac vein
azygous

75
Q

where does the azygous vein pass through

A

aortic hiatus

76
Q

which veins is the head drained by

A

internal and external jugular

77
Q

which vein is the cranial chest and forelimb drained by

A

cephalic

78
Q

what 2 veins join to drain the intercostal area and forelimb

A

axillary and subclavian

79
Q

what drains into the vertebral vein which enters cranial vena cava just cranial to the azygous vein

A

vertebral venous plexus

80
Q

what vein drains most of the gastrointestinal tract

A

portal

81
Q

what does the hepatic vein drain into

A

caudal vena cava

82
Q

where do the rectal and anal region drain towards

A

internal iliac veins which joins external iliac veins which forms left and right common iliac veins

83
Q

what are the left and right common iliac veins joined together by

A

deep circumflex iliac veins

cardio vascular (8 decks)

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