Vanishing into Visibiliy

Question 1

Images of discovery - America, Jan van der Staet

Answer 1

black and white picture, Eurpeans coming to a land of less civilized people, naked woman, animals are roaming around

Question 2

Images of discovery - Discovery of the New World, Wolfgang Kilian

Answer 2

black/white/brown-ish, shamman like people preparing feast, British ship in the background

Question 3

Images of discovery - Columbus discovering America

Answer 3

• on the left are the fancy Europeans, on the right are the Natives looking at them

Question 4

End of the Trail (1915)

Answer 4

• The statue is a commentary on the damage Euro-American settlement inflicted upon Native Americans. The main figure embodies the suffering and exhaustion of people driven from their native lands
• J. E. Fraser

Question 5

19th century American literature

Answer 5

• J. F. Cooper - The Last of the Mohicans
• Noble (idialized primitive man) vs Ignoble Savage

Question 6

19th century European literature

Answer 6

• Karl F. May - Winnetou 1-3

Question 7

Eliminating indigenous people through cultural assimilation

Answer 7

• Americanization, “civilizing process”
• Native American boarding schools
• they were forced to speak English, study standard subjects, attend church, and leave tribal traditions behind

Question 8

Ghost Dance Movement

Answer 8

• Wovoka/Jack Wilson had a vision in 1889
• If Indians abandoned white ways and performed a series of rituals and dances the Earth would be restored, the dead rise and the whites driven away. Shirts with magical symbols would protect warriors from bullets

Question 9

Wouned Knee (South Dakota)

Answer 9

• December 29, 1890
• the U.S. Army’s 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot (top), a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek and demanded they surrender their weapons
• fight broke out between Indians and U.S. soldiers

Question 10

Dawes Act of 1887

Answer 10

• regulated land rights on tribal territories within the United States
• it authorized the President of the United States to subdivide Native American tribal communal landholdings into allotments for Native American heads of families and individuals

Question 11

Ishi (Yahi) - “The Last Wild Indian”

Answer 11

• University of California took him in to study him
• spent the last five years of his life, demonstrating to visitors bow and arrow making, archery, fire making, and other Yahi skills

Question 12

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Answer 12

• shifted the government’s approach to Native Americans from assimilation to preserving tribal cultures and promoting self-governance

Question 13

Bureau of Indian Affairs Commissioner

Answer 13

from 1933-45 under FDR secured important rights for indigenous people:
1. A reversal of the Dawes Act’s privatization of common holdings of American Indians
2. A return to local self-government on a tribal basis (tribal constitutions).
3. Restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land).

Question 14

First national organizations (for Indians)

Answer 14

• National Congress of American Indians (1944)
• National Indian Youth Council (1961)
• American Indian Movement (1968)

Question 15

Shared goals of Indian national organizations

Answer 15

• To preserve and protect treaty rights
• To preserve and protect traditional, cultural, and religious rights
• To seek appropriate, equitable, and beneficial services and programs
• To increase political activism and participation
• To educate the public on issues of importance to Native Americans

Question 16

Examples of activity

Answer 16

• Fish-ins (1940s-70s) = to assert their treaty fishing rights and challenge state restrictions
• Occupation of Alcatraz (1969-1971), to raise awareness of the plight of Native Americans and to assert their rights to land and self-determination

Question 17

The Trail of Broken Treaties

Answer 17

• 1972
• activists from across the US presented their Twenty Points Position Paper
• participants called for the restoration of tribes’ treaty-making authority, the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and federal investment in jobs, housing, and education

Question 18

Wouned Knee (1973)

Answer 18

• activists seized the major buldings and demanded U.S. Senate Committee to launch an investigation into the BIA and the Department of the Interior regarding their handling of the affairs of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. They also demanded an investigation into the 371 treaties between the Native Nations and the Federal Government, all of which had been broken by the United States

Question 19

Cultural appropriation

Answer 19

= The “unauthorized” ownership, use or display of sacred items, human remains, sacred rituals (including music and dances)

Question 20

Native American Graves and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

Answer 20

• in 1990
• it requires federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding to return Native American “cultural items” to lineal descendants. Cultural items include human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony

Question 21

Chief Wahoo protest

Answer 21

• 2014
• issue being with Indians not being anyone´s maskots
• in 2018 Chief Wahoo started being phased out and is no longer used

Question 22

Native Americans Today

Answer 22

• about 3% of population
• largest tribes: Cherokee, Navajo, Choctaw, Sioux, Apache, Black Feet
• only 22% of them live in reservations
• many casinos