VAP Flashcards
(367 cards)
1
Q
When were dogs domesticated?
A
15,000-10,000 BC
2
Q
When were cats domesticated?
A
8,000-3,000 BC
3
Q
What does increasing kV do?
A
More higher energy X-rays
4
Q
What does increasing mA do?
A
More X-rays but doesn’t change their energy
5
Q
What does Sonic Hedgehog do?
A
Patterns neural tube
6
Q
What do N-cadherin and E-cadherin do?
A
N is in neural tube and E is in remaining ectoderm, keeps cells separate from neighbouring cells
7
Q
Process of limb development?
A
Blastemal condensation, chondrification, hypertrophy, mineralisation, vascular invasion, endochondral ossification, secondary centres of ossification in the epiphyses
8
Q
What is cunean tendon?
A
Medial insertion of cranial tibial
9
Q
What is in proximal extensor retinaculum?
A
LoDE and cranial tibial
10
Q
What is in distal extensor retinaculum?
A
LoDE
11
Q
Radial check ligament?
A
To SDFT preventing PiPj overextension
12
Q
Carpal check ligament
A
To DDFT preventing DiPj overextension
13
Q
What forms reciprocal apparatus?
A
Peroneus tertius and SDF
14
Q
What produces the sensitive laminae?
A
Periosteum of pedal bone
15
Q
Difference between splint bone and horse fibula?
A
Splint bone flat on top
16
Q
Fascicle layers?
A
Epi, peri, endomysium
17
Q
What makes up bone matrix?
A
1/3 type I collagen, 2/3 hydroxyapatile with absorbed CaCO3
18
Q
What makes up cartilage tree?
A
Linker protein, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate with aggrecan protein core
19
Q
Phases of hair growth?
A
Anagen, catagen, telogen
20
Q
What is sebum?
A
Formed when cells rupture, holocrine, discharges into hair follicles or surface
21
Q
What are ceruminous glands?
A
Ear wax
22
Q
What are paranal sacs?
A
4 and 8 o clock with single duct at anocutaneous junction
23
Q
What are circumanal glands?
A
Hepatoid glands on external surface
24
Q
What is the external spermatic fascia?
A
Fascia around EAO that continues down and around spermatic cord and testicle
25
What is the cremaster muscle?
Small slips of IAO which passes through the inguinal canal, out through the external ring and down to the testicle
26
What forms the deep inguinal ring?
Fascia transversalis
27
Where are lymoh nodes not present?
CNS, bone marrow, cartilage, epidermis, alveoli, placenta
28
What innervates the spleen?
Sympathetic, a few vagal fibres and some myelinted sensory fibres
29
What does thymus develop from?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches
30
Which lobe of thymus is bigger?
Right
31
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
32
How many ribs do dogs, cats, ox, sheep and goat have?
13
33
How many ribs do pigs have?
14/15
34
How many lumbar vertebrae do cats, dogs and pigs have?
7
35
How many lumbar vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and pigs have?
6
36
How many sacral vertebrae do ox, sheep, goat and horse have?
5
37
How many sacral vertebrae do pigs have?
4
38
How many ribs do pigs have?
15
39
Which are the costal ribs?
10,11,12
40
Where does the ventral longitudina ligt go?
T5-S1
41
Where's the lateral foramen?
C1 for nerve
42
What has ventral processes/plates for longus colli?
C6
43
What do haemal arches do?
Prevent ventral caudal artery
44
Where does tail start?
Cd5
45
Where does annulus fibrosus come from?
Sclerotome
46
Where do facets go from horizontal to vertical?
Diaphragmatic vertebra
47
If cell body is inside CNS, where does neurone develop from?
First order neurone - Neural tube ectoderm eg motor, preganglionic autonomic
48
If cell bodt is in ganglia outside CNS, where does neurone develop from?
Second order neurone - Neural crest eg sensory, preganglionic
49
Why does C2 go to caudal head skin?
C1 motor only
50
Are first or second order myelinated?
First
51
What only receives sympathetic innervation?
Sooth muscle of skin and blood vessels
52
Which vertebrae is genitofemoral from?
L3 and L4
53
Which vertebral is femoral from?
L4-6
54
Which vertebrae is sciatic trunk from?
L6-S2
55
What does cleodobrachial nerve innervate?
Cleidobrachialis
56
What does suprascapular nerve innervate?
Infra and supraspinatus
57
What does subscapular nerve innervate?
Subscapularis
58
What does cranial pectoral nerve innervate?
Superficial pectoral
59
What does musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Elbow flexors
60
What does axillary nerve innervate?
Shoulder flexors
61
What does thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
Lat dorsi
62
What does radial nerve innervate?
Elbow, carpus and digit extensors
63
What does caudal pectoral innervate?
Deep pectoral
64
What does ulnar nerve innervate?
Carpus and digit flexors (lateral - FCU, DDF and manus muscles)
65
What does median nerve innervate?
Carpus and digit flexors (medial, underneath pronator teres)
66
What does obturator nerve innervate?
Medial thigh muscles
67
What does genitofemoral nerve innervate?
None - sensory
68
What does femoral nerve innervate?
Hip flexors and stifle extensors
69
What does pudendal nerve innervate?
Pelvic diaphragm, anus, urethra
70
What does sciatic nerve innervate?
Gluteals and hams
71
What does fibular nerve innervate?
Hock flexors and digital extensors
72
What does tibial nerve innervate?
Hock extensors and digital flexors
73
What nerve does the ulnar nerve send off in the brachium?
Caudal cutaneous antebrachial
74
What branches does the radial nerve send off?
Medial and lateral caudal cutaneous antebrachial
75
Where does superficial dorsal artery come from?
Lateral superficial brachial
76
Where does deep dorsal artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally, radial medially and medial superficial brachial
77
Where does deep palmar artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally and radial medially
78
Where does superficial palmar artery come from?
Caudal interosseous laterally and median medially
79
What innervates superficial dorsal?
Sensory, radial nerve, ulnar for digit V
80
What innervates deep palmar?
Motor, ulnar nerve innervates interosseous muscles
81
What innervates superficial palmar?
Sensory, median nerve, ulnar for digit V
82
What innervates serratus ventralis?
Long thoracic
83
What innvervates cranial muscles of truncobrachial junction?
Eleventh cranial (accessory) nerve
84
What does musculocutaneous nerve give off and what does this to?
Medial cutaneous antebrachial, innervates skin of medial antebrachium
85
What does the axillary nerve reach the skin of the lateral brachium as?
Lateral cutaneous brachial
86
What does the brachial artery split into?
Bicipital artery, deep brachial artery, collateral ulnar artery, lateral and medial superficial antebrachial artery
87
What do lateral and medial suoerificial antebrachial arteries supply?
Cranial antebrachium either side of cephalic vein
88
What is the most important branch of the median artery?
Common interosseous
89
What's the branches of the common interosseous artery?
Ulnar, cranial interosseous and caudal interosseous
90
Why is there little deep palmar nerve supply in the horse?
Interosseous is no longer a muscle
91
What are the palmar nerves of the equine forelimb?
Median medially, ulnar laterally, median sends two communicating branches to ulnar (one before carpus and one over cannon)
92
Which fibres do median and lateral palmar digital nerves have in the horse?
Median only has median nerves, ulnar has ulnar AND median nerve
93
What provides lateral/dorsal sensation to cannon?
Dorsal branch of ulnar
94
What gives dorsal blood supply at carpus?
Cranial radial and dorsal interosseus
95
What forms deep and supeficial palmar metacarpal arteries in the horse?
Medial superficial from median artery
96
What is dysautonomia?
Neuropathy of ANS neurones, affects sympathetic and parasympathetic, pupil size changes, ileus
97
What is grass sickness?
Equine dysautonomia
98
What is Key-Gaskell syndrome?
Feline dysautonomia, autonomic ganglia degeneration
99
What is Horner's syndrome?
Damage to sympathetic supply to head, often unilateral
100
What does the sciatic trunk give off?
Caudal gluteal, cranial gluteal and hamstring branch
101
What is cranial to the femoral artery?
Saphenous branch of femoral nerve
102
What does the pudendoepigastric artery supply?
Pectineus and quadriceps
103
Where do superficial arteries of pes come from?
Dorsal and plantar saphenous
104
Where do deep arteries of pes come from?
Cranial tibial
105
How do arteries get between MT2and 3?
Perforating metatarsal
106
What innervates lateral cannon?
Fibular
107
What innervates digits in the horse?
Tibial and lat/med plantar metatarsal/digital
108
What innervates medial/dorsal cannon?
Saphenous
109
How does blood supply get dorsal to plantar in the horse?
Great metatarsal artery
110
Where does plantar supply in horse come from?
Saphenous and caudal tibial
111
What goes proximally in horse and anastomoses with supply to thigh?
Recurrent tibial and recurrent tarsal
112
In horse how do you get single layered dorsal supply and double layered plantar supply?
Saphenous and caudal tibial anastomose with cranial tibial vis perforating tarsal
113
Branches of the subclavian?
Vertebral, omicervical, costocervical, internal thoracic
114
What is cephalic vein joined by?
Accessory cephalic which drains dorsal aspect
115
What do blood vessels develop in?
Mesoderm in blood islands of yolk sac for extraembryonic vasculogenesis
116
In which species does tricuspid only have two valves?
Rabbit
117
Which species have ossa cordis?
Bovine, equine
118
What is venous drainage into atria called?
Foramina venarum minimarum
119
What is drainage into ventricles called?
Venae cordis parvae
120
Which species has left azygos?
Pig
121
Which species has left and right azygos?
Ruminant
122
Which species have right azygos?
Carnivores, horses, some ruminants
123
Which side is nodal gene transcribed on in the heart?
Left side of primitive streak
124
Where do the atria come from?
Sinus horn for right and pulmonary veins for left
125
What forms early heart tube?
Sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus arteriosus to placenta
126
What is dextrocardia?
Folding in wrong order
127
What is situs inversus?
Reversal of all organs
128
What is inversus viscera?
Mutation causing random left right heart orientation
129
What is inversion of turning?
100% reversal of heart folding
130
What links capituli?
Intercapital ligt
131
Which bronchi on left?
Cranial and caudal lobar
132
Which bronchi on right?
Cranial, middle and caudal lobar
133
Which bronchi on right in an artiodactyl?
Middle and caudal lobar and then tracheal bronchis to right cranial lobe
134
Which lobes do dogs have on the left?
Caudal lobe and cranial lobe with cranial and caudal part
135
What lobes on the right in a dog?
Cranial, middle, accessory and caudal
136
What's the different in a pig?
Right cranial lobe is from tracheal bronchi
137
What's the difference in a cow/sheep?
R cranial lobe has cranial and caudal part
138
Which lobes do horses have?
Cranial and caudal and accessory
139
Which species show lung lobulation?
Pig and ox
140
Where is dichotomous branching?
Splits in two after tertiary bronchi
141
What causes kennel cough?
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis
142
What causes tracheal collapse?
Incomplete formation of tracheal rings
143
What are the knuckles at 1,2,3 o clock on thorax VD x ray?
Aortic, pulmonary, LA
144
How wide can heart be on VD view?
2/3 chest width
145
How wide can aorta be on lateral x ray?
1 centrum
146
How high and wide can heart be on lateral x ray?
2/3 chest height and 2.5-3.5 ribs wide
147
What is a deuterostome and protostome?
Deut - first opening becomes anus
148
How are left and right duodenocolic ligts formed?
Mesenteric peritoneum fuses
149
What does coeliac artery give?
Splenic and left gastric and hepatic
150
What's it called when lig arteriosum is on wrong side of oesophagus?
Vascular ring anomaly
151
What do oesophagus muscle layers form?
Inner circular and outer longitudinal of stomach
152
What attaches oes to larynx?
Crico-oesophageal tendon
153
What is coeliac artery derived from?
Vitelline arteries of yolk sac
154
Where does coeliac artery go?
Between mesentery, under visceral peritoneal coating, submucosal
155
What has diverticulum ventriculi and torus pyloricus?
Pig
156
What has margi plicatus and saccus caecus?
Horse
157
How many turns in ox, sheep and goat?
2,3,4
158
How do bile and pancreatic ducts open?
Papillae
159
What has anti mesenteric artery?
Ileum
160
Where does ileum open?
Ileal papilla (ileocolic sphincter)
161
What is rectum retractor muscle?
Rectococcygeus
162
Where are pig mesenteric nodes?
Halfway between root and gut
163
Where are mesenteric lymph nodes in cow?
Near to gut
164
What does coronary lig do?
Surrounds caudal vena cava to caval hiatus
165
Where do left and right triagular ligs go?
Up
166
Which liver impressions does dog have?
Stomach duodenum right kidney
167
Which liver impressions does pig have?
Stomach and duodenum
168
Which liver impressions does cow have?
Omasum reticulum right kidney
169
Which liver impressions does horse have?
Stomach, apex of caecum, diaphragmatic flexure, RDV, right kidney
170
What veins make up HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric
171
Where does accessory pancreatic duct enter duodenum?
Minor papilla
172
What connects gall bladder to bile duct?
Cystic duct
173
Where does bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter duodenum?
Major papilla
174
Which liver lobe cups R kidney in dog?
Caudate process of caudate lobe
175
What are parts of caudate lobe?
Papillary and caudate process
176
What is pig liver like?
No papillary process, R kidney doesn't reach caudate process, less obvious division of quadrate, surface lobulation
177
What is horse liver like?
No papillary process, scalloped quadrate, no division of right
178
What is ruminant liver like?
No division of left or right, clockwise rotation
179
Where are left and right lobes of pancreas?
Left in DLGO, right in mesoduodenum
180
What does liver develop from?
Outgrowth of foregut into ventral mesogastrum
181
Which species has triangle pancreas?
Horse
182
Which species has HPV running through pancreas body?
Pig
183
What is patent ductus venosus?
Blood avoids being processed by the liver, straight to CdVC
184
What is a portocaval shunt?
Straight from HPV to CdVC
185
Where are hepatocytes from?
Endoderm
186
Where is liver connective tissue from?
Mesoderm (septum transversum)
187
What is blood supply to pancreas?
Cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries from coeliac and cranial mesenteric respectively
188
What is a portoazygos?
HPV to azygos
189
What is multiple intrahepatic shunt?
Like PDV but wiggly
190
What happens to A waves when feeding?
Duration, complexity, force and resting tone increase
191
What happens to A to B interval when feeding?
Increases
192
What does ventral vagotomy do to rumen?
Stops rumen, oes groove and sometime reticulum
193
What does ventral vagotomy do?
Stops different things
194
What restores post-vagal motility of rumen?
Intramural nerves between RR wall
195
What is vagal indigestion?
Left dorsal swelling and right ventral drooping
196
How does vagus sensory cause RR contraction?
Tactile stimulation of cardia or oes or reticulum/RR fold distension
197
How does splanchnic sensory cause RR contraction?
Abomasal or ruminal distension or manipulation of pylorus
198
Which fibres exit reticulum fastest?
Short dense
199
What inhibits oes tube?
Sensory stimulation in splanchnic nerves and adrenaline release
200
What do omasal leaves do?
Absorb water sodium and potassium, exchange chloride and bicarb
201
What stimulates and inhibits abomasal contractions?
Stimulated by empty duodenum, inhibited by duodenal activity
202
What does coeliacomessnteric plexus do?
Attaches coeliac ganglion to cranial mesenteric ganglion
203
What does splenic artery form?
Splenic, gastroepiploic and fundic
204
What does common hepatic artery form?
R gastric, R gastroepiploic, proper hepatic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal
205
What does cranial mesenteric artery form?
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal, ileocolic, jejunal, R colic and middle colic
206
What does caudal mesenteric anastomose with?
Left colic and cranial rectal
207
What are the main tributaries of HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic, common mesenteric
208
How many taenia does pig caecum have?
Three
209
What is an auroch?
Original european wild cow
210
What is ruminant blood supply via coeliac?
Left ruminal, right ruminal, reticular, L and R gastriepiploic, L and R gastric
211
Where does left ruminal artery go?
Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove
212
Where is right ruminal artery?
Right longitudinal groove
213
Where is reticular artery?
Lateral aspect
214
How does dorsal vagus get to rumen?
Via right and left ruminal nerves
215
How does ventral vagus get to reticulum?
Via reticular nerve, omasum, lesser curvature of abomasum, long pyloric nerve to pyloric region
216
Why can't rabbit vomit?
Strong cardiac sphincter
217
What is main bile pigment?
Biliverdin
218
What is ampulla?
Dilatation at proximal end of duodenum where bile duct enters duodenum
219
Where does right lobe of pancreas lie in rabbit?
Between descending and ascending duodenum as isolated lobules
220
Where does left lobe of pancreas lie in the rabbit?
Along greater curvature in mesentery between it and transverse colon
221
Where is pancreatic duct in rabbit?
Proximal end of desc colon
222
What is sacculus rotundus?
Dilatation of terminal ileum forming junction between caecum, ileum and proximal colon
223
What is ampulla caecalis coli?
Where fibrous contents are sorted by size
224
What does fusus coli do?
Pacemaker, vascular, highly innervated, goblet cells and longitudinal folds
225
What happens to hard faeces and caecotrophs in fusus coli?
Hard has strong muscle contractions in fusus coli to squeeze water out, caecotrophs have gentle contraction of fusus coli, mucus secretion of goblet cells and lysozyme which enters caecotrophs
226
What is produced within caecotrophs and absorbed?
Lactate
227
What are rabbit calcium levels like?
High
228
What is rabbit liver like?
Right medial and quadrate lobes are fused around gall bladder
229
Which species have unipyrimidal kidney?
Dog cat horse sheep rabbit
230
Which species has multipyrimidal kidney?
Pig and human
231
Which species have multilobar multipyrimidal no pelvis?
Ox
232
What does horse kidney look like?
Terminal recesses
233
Which shapes are left and right horse kidney?
Right is heart shaped, left is L
234
Why is pig right kidney nit cranial?
Stretched out
235
What is sympathetic innervation to kidney?
Aorticorenal ganglia
236
What is kidney parenchyme?
Cortex and medulla
237
What is kidney sinus?
Pelvis and fat, vessels
238
Why is equine urine turbid?
Glands in equine kidney pelvis secrete mucus
239
What is an angiogram?
Contrast medium in aorta and renal arteries
240
What is nephrogram?
Contrast medium in kidney
241
What is pyelogram?
Contrast medium in pelvis
242
What is kidney like on ultrasound?
Hypoechoic cortex, near anechoic medulla, echogenic pelvis
243
Where is medulla from?
Neural crest
244
Where is cortex from?
Intermediate mesoderm
245
What is the mesorectum?
Rectum to dorsal body wall
246
Which ligs does bladder have?
Ventral and lateral vesical
247
Which ligament does uterus have?
Broad
248
What attaches testicle to dorsal body wall through inguinal canal?
Mesorchium and testic artery
249
Where do ureters come from?
Intermediate mesoderm
250
What makes internal bladder sphincter?
Smooth muscle
251
Where does trigone come from?
Mesoderm (rest is ectoderm)
252
Where do lateral vesical ligts come from?
Umbilical arteries
253
Where does ventral vesical ligt come from?
Ventral mesentery of hindgut, contains urachus to allantois
254
What tissue is male urethra?
Urothelium the stratified squamous
255
What is hypospadias?
Underside of penile urethra not sealed
256
What is omphalophlebitis?
Infection of navel
257
What is patent urachus?
Urine drips through hole in umbilicus
258
Where does urethra discharge in females?
Vestibule
259
What causes urethralis contraction?
Pudendal S1-3 somatic
260
What does symp hypogastric nerve do?
Alpha 1 cranial urethral smooth muscle contraction, beta 2 detrusor relaxation
261
How does pelvic nerve cause urination?
Detrusor relaxation
262
Where does the cranial vesical artery come from?
Fetal umbilical artery
263
What does the internal pudendal artery do?
Urogenital artery to caudal vesical, caudal ureteric and vaginal and perineal, dorsal penile and urethral arteries
264
Which direction does coccygeus go?
Lateral - dorsomedial to ventrolateral
265
Which direction does levator ani go?
Medial, dorsocaudal
266
What does the pudendal nerve provide sensory innervation to?
Perineum, bladder and genitalia
267
What does the pudendal nerve provide motor innervation to?
Pelvic diaphragm, EAS and urethral
268
Where do extensors have origins?
Laterally
269
Where do flexors have origins?
Medially
270
Lateral carpus muscles order?
ECR, CDE, LaDE, ECU, FCU
271
Medial carpus muscles order?
ECR, Pronator teres, FCR, DDF, SDF, FCU
272
Most cranial muscles of carpus?
CDE and ECR
273
Where does the endocardial tube develop from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
274
What does the sinus venosus form?
Atrial wall (R) and coronary sinus (L)
275
What does the primitive ventricle form?
Left ventricle
276
What does the bulbus cordis form?
Right ventricle
277
What does the truncus arteriosus form?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
278
What is between the primitive atria and ventricle?
Atrioventricular sulcus
279
What is between the primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis?
Bulboventricular sulcus
280
Which directions do the atria and ventricles go?
Atria go dorsally and cranially, ventricles go leftward and cranially
281
What do the pulmonary veins form?
The left atrium
282
Where is the septum intermedium?
Separating common atria > ventricles opening
283
What are the holes the septum primum leaves?
Ostium primum and ostium secundum
284
Where does the ventricular septum form from?
Caudal edge of bulboventricular sulcus
285
What closes the ventricular septum?
Septum intermedium and spiral septum
286
Which cells migrate into the truncus arteriosus to form the spiral septum?
Neural crest
287
Why does the ductus arteriosus close?
Pressure changes and reduced prostaglandins
288
What prevents carpus flexion in the stay apparatus?
Biceps tendon, lacertus fibrosus and ECR tendon cranially and the accessory tendons caudally
289
What makes up the reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertius and gastrocnemius and SDF
290
What ligament prevents hip aduction?
Accessory
291
What prevents carpus hyperextension?
Block shape of carpal bones, palmar carpal ligaments
292
What prevents fetlock hyperextension?
Suspensory apparatus, extensor branches of suspensory ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments. Also suspensory ligt, sesamoid bones and sesamoidean ligaments act as one structure
293
What prevents pastern hyperextension?
Palmar ligaments, straight sesamoidean ligament, flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments
294
What prevents pastern joint flexion?
Double SDFT attachment to distal proximal and prox middle phalanx
295
What prevents tarsus flexion?
SDFT between distal femur and calcanean tuberosity, pulled taut when patella locks
296
WHat stabilises digital joints in the hindlimb?
Attachment of SDF to calcaneus eliminates need for accessory ligt
297
Which species has dorsal tail gland?
Dog
298
Where does dogs and cats have haemal arches?
Cd 4-7
299
Where does superficial pectoral insert in the cat?
Ulna and clavicle
300
Which species doesn't have a sacrosciatic ligament?
Cat
301
Which species has a circumoral gland?
Cat
302
What is ECU in cows and pigs and horses?
Almost certainly a flexor
303
Which species have scapular cartilage?
Cow and pig and horse
304
Which species has tuber spinae?
Pig and old horses
305
Which carpal bones do pigs and horses have?
All 8 but first is small
306
Which species doesn't have internal obturator or piriformis?
Pig and Cow
307
Which species has preputial and carpal glands?
Pig
308
Which species has distal talus trochlea?
Pig and horse
309
Where do pectorals go in the horse?
From scapula to radius
310
Which species doesn't have accessory head of triceps?
Horse
311
What forms collateral ligament in horse?
Pronator teres
312
Where does superficial gluteal insert in the horse and what does it do?
Third trochanter and is hip flexor
313
Which species doesn't have fibularis longus and brevis?
Horse
314
WHich species has fused first and second tarsal bones?
Horse
315
Which species has absent first carpal and fused second and third?
Cow
316
Which species has second and third and fourth and central tarsal bones?
Cow
317
Why do cows have less rounded buttocks?
Only biceps femoris has sacral origin and it is smaller
318
What forms cranial contour of crus in cow?
Peroneus tertius
319
Which species has no piriformis?
Horse
320
Which species has extra biceps insertion on radius?
Horse
321
What forms cranial countou of crus in the horse?
LoDE
322
Which muscles have additional proximal origins on the gluteal fascia, sacrum, tail and SS ligament in the horse?
Superficial gluteal, biceps, semimem and semitend
323
Which species has inter-transverse synovial articulations?
Horse
324
Which side are extensor slips on in the cow?
Abaxial
325
What happens to CDE in the cow forelimb?
Splits into lateral and medial branch
326
What is movement of proximal intertarsal joint like in the horse?
Cow
327
Which species has caudal horn, preorbital and interdigital gland?
Cow
328
Where are sympathetic nerves to compound stomach from?
From coeliaco (mesenteric) ganglion
329
How do dorsal and ventral vagus get around compound stomach?
Via coeliacomesenteric plexus and along arteries or direct
330
Which arteries are there in the compound stomach?
From coeliac artery - R + L gastric and gastroepipoic (like the dog) but also R + L ruminal and reticular
331
Where does the long pyloric nerve go?
Abomasum
332
WHich parts of the stomach have oblique muscle?
All ret and rum
333
Which parts of the ruminant stomach have longitudinal muscle?
Drs
334
Which parts of the ruminant stomach have circular muscle?
Vrs and ret
335
What does the ulnar artery supply?
Flexors
336
What does the cranial interosseus supply?
Extensors
337
What's a 4 beat gait?
Walk
338
What's a 2 beat gait?
Trot
339
What's a three beat gait?
Canter
340
What does caudal circumflex humeral do?
Loops round to cranial and does arterial anastomosis
341
Where does deep brachial artery go
To triceps
342
What does collateral artery do?
Goes round olecranon
343
In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar deep supply?
Deep branch of cranial tibial
344
In hindlimb, what does dorsal and plantar superficial supply?
Saphenous
345
Which muscle supplies diaphragm?
Musculophrenic
346
Where does the reticular artery go?
Lateral aspect
347
Where does the right ruminal artery go?
Right longitudinal groove
348
Where does the left ruminal artery go?
Under cranial groove to left longitudinal groove
349
What does left gastric anastomose with?
Right gastric and caudal oesophageal
350
What does left gastroepiploic anastomose with?
Right gastroepiploic
351
What does fundic artery anastomose with?
L gastric
352
Branches of splenic artery?
L gastroepiploic and fundic
353
Branches of common hepatic?
R gastric, R gastroepiploic, Cr pancreaticoduodenal, proper hepatic
354
What has anti-mesenteric branch?
Ileum
355
Branches of cranial mesenteric?
Cd pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileocolic, right and middle colic
356
Branches of caudal mesenteric?
Left colic and cranial rectal
357
What makes the deep palmar arch?
Radial
358
What makes the superficial palmar arch?
Medial
359
Tributaries of HPV?
Gastroduodenal, gastrosplenic and common mesenteric
360
Branches of internal iliac?
Cranial vesical, parietal, internal pudendal
361
Branches of parietal branch?
Iliolumbar, cr and cd gluteal
362
Branches of internal pudendal?
Urogential, perineal, dorsal penile and urethral
363
Branches of urogential?
Caudal vesical, caudal ureteric, vaginal
364
What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?
FGF-8
365
Where does membrane bone form?
Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum
366
What does AER secrete to affect progress zone?
FGF-8
367
Where does membrane bone form?
Within flat membranes between two layers of periosteum
