Variables And Hypothesise

Question 1

Define independent variable

Answer 1

This is the variable that is manipulated (made to change) by the experimenter

For example whether the p.t are given a memory strategy or not

Question 2

Define Dependent Variable

Answer 2

This is what is measured/observed by the experimenter due to the effects of the IV

Question 3

Define Confounding Variables

Answer 3

These are related to the IV and aren’t accounted for but may impact the DV

Example, participants having amnesia in a memory experimentor

Question 4

Define Extraneous Variable

Answer 4

These are variables that are not accounted for by the experimenter that may affect the experiment

Question 5

Examples of EVs are?

(There are 7)
Hint:
O E
P V
S V
I E
P E
D C
S D

Answer 5

Order effects
Participant variables
Situational variables
Investigator effects
Practice effects
Demand characteristics
Social desirability

Question 6

EV: Define order effect

Answer 6

If the participants are repeating similar conditions, they will be better the next time

Example: practice, fatigue and boredom

Question 7

EV: define participant variable

Answer 7

Personal characteristics of the participants

Examples: better intelligence

Question 8

EV: define Investigator effects

Answer 8

The researcher may unconsciously behave in such a way to bring about their prediction. This can affect participant responses by forcing them to give answers they wouldn’t normally give

Examples: researcher may use gestures, tone of voice or the phrasing of questioning

Question 9

EV: Define practice effects

Answer 9

The participants have already completed something before and therefore will be better the next time changing the results

Question 10

EV: Define demand characteristics

Answer 10

This refers to when participants guess the aim and unconsciously change their behavior to what they THINK the researcher wants

Question 11

EV: define social desirability

Answer 11

This refers to when participants want to be liked in the experiment either by other participants or by the experiment changing their responses to appear better by not giving their real answer

Question 12

How do they control extraneous variables

( There is 5 techniques )

Answer 12

Standardized procedures
Single blind technique
Double blind technique
Counterbalancing
Randomization

Question 13

Define Standardised procedures

Answer 13

A specific set of instructions given to the experimenter so that they perform specific acts at specific times to ensure that all behavior is replicable and not subject to bias
Same thing happens in EVERY experimenter

Question 14

Define single blind

Answer 14

The p.t. do not know the hypothesis they are in or what condition theyre in

Question 15

Define Double Blind

Answer 15

The p.t. and experimenter do not know the hypothesis or condition.
This involves someone else carrying out the experiment on behalf of the researcher

Question 16

Define counterbalancing

Answer 16

used in repeated measure design, in order to reduce order effects
p.t. is split in half one half we do one condition the other half we do the other condition then vice versa
practise effects average out between the conditions

Question 17

define randomnisation

Answer 17

this means placing thing randomly into different conditions (normally participant allocation)

using randomisation and computer method

Question 18

What are the 3 types of hypothesis

Answer 18

Null Hypothesis
Non directional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis

Question 19

What does a directional hypothesis have that non-directional doesnt

Answer 19

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

Question 20

what does a null hypothesis state that the other hypotheses don’t

Answer 20

it states that there will be no relationship between the variables

Question 21

what does a non directional hypothesis state

Answer 21

that there will be a difference BUT wont say which is better

Question 22

what does a directional hypothesis state

Answer 22

will say there the IV will have a specific and direct effect on the DV