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Biology > Variation In Biochemistry And Cell Strucutre UNIT 2 > Flashcards

Variation In Biochemistry And Cell Strucutre UNIT 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Red blood cells contain…

A

Haemoglobin

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1
Q

Oxygen is carried round the body by

A

Haemoglobin

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2
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

Large protein with a quaternary structure, so made up of four polypeptide chains. Each chain has a haem group which contains iron and gives haemoglobin its red colour. Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, each molecule can carry four oxygen molecules. In the lungs oxygen join to haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. Is a reversible reaction, when oxygen leaves oxyhemoglobin near the body cells it turns back into haemoglobin

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3
Q

What does affinity for oxygen mean

A

Tendency to combine with oxygen

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4
Q

Aswell as being found in all vertebrates haemoglobin is found in….

A

Earthworms, starfish, some insects and plants

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5
Q

Haemoglobin saturation depends on…..

A

The partial pressure of oxygen

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6
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen

A

A measure of oxygen concentration

The greater the conc of dissolved oxygen in cells, the higher the partial pressure

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7
Q

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

Measure of conc of carbon dioxide in a cell

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8
Q

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin where there’s a high …..

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

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9
Q

When does oxyhaemogblon lose its oxygen

A

When there’s a lower partial pressure of oxygen

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10
Q

Why does oxygen enter blood capillaries at the alveoli in the lungs

A

Alveoli have a high partial pressure of oxygen, so oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

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11
Q

When cells respire they use up oxygen which …..

A

Lowers the partial pressure of oxygen. Red blood cells deliver oxyhaemoglobin to respiring tissues , where it unloads oxygen

Haemoglobin returns to lungs to pick up more oxygen

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12
Q

What does a dissociation curve show

A

How saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen at any given partial pressure

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13
Q

Haemoglobin gives up its oxygen more readily at ….

A

Higher partial pressures of carbon dioxide. Gets more oxygen to cells during activity

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14
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

When cells respire they produce carbon dioxide which raises the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. This increases rate of oxygen unloading , the dissociation curve shifts down, curves more to the right. The saturation of blood is lower for a given partial pressure of oxygen, meaning more oxygen is being released to tissues for high respiration

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15
Q

Haemoglobin is different in different…

A

Organisms.

Organisms that live in environments with a low conc of oxygen have haemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen than human haemoglobin, the dissociation curve is to the left of ours.

Organisms that are very active and have a high oxygen demand have haemoglobin with a lower affinity for oxygen than human haemoglobin, the curve is to the right of the human one

16
Q

What is starch

A

The main energy storage material in plants. Plants store excess glucose as starch. Starch is a mixture of 2 polysaccharides- amylose and amylopectin

Amylose- long, unbranched alpha glucose, coiled so good for storage. Compact
Amylopectin- long, branched alpha glucose, it’s side branches allow the enzyme that breaks it down to get to the glycosidic bonds easily so glucose can be released quickly.

Insoluble in water so doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis

17
Q

What is glycogen

A

The main energy store in animals

Animals get energy from glucose, store excess glucose as glycogen. It’s structure is similar to amylopectin, except it has many more side branches coming off it. Means glucose can be released quickly which is important for energy release in animals. Very compact so good for storage

18
Q

What is cellulose

A

The major component of cell walls in plants

Long, unbranched chains of beta glucose. The bonds between between the sugars are straight so cellulose chains are straight. He chains are linked by hydrogen bonds, form strong fibres called microfibrils= support

Insoluble in water

19
Q

People living at high altitudes have more red blood cells than people living at sea level. What is the advantage of this?

A

They have more haem so can pick up more oxygen

20
Q

2 examples of cells that are adapted to their function

A

Squamous epithelium cell

Palisade mesophyll cell

21
Q

What is a squamous epithelium cell

A

Adapted for its function. Thin, not much cytoplasm. Found in lungs, where they line the alveoli and are thin to allow gases to pass through them easily

22
Q

What is a palisade mesophyll cell

A

Adapted for its function. Found in leaves, contains many chloroplasts which means it can absorb as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis. Walls of cells are thin so CO2 can pass through them easily

23
Q

Examples of tissues

A

Squamous epithelium

Phloem

Xylem

24
Q

What is squamous epithelium tissue

A

Single layer of flat cells lining a surface. Found in many places eg alveoli

25
Q

What is phloem tissue

A

Transports sugars through a plant. Arranged in tubes which are made of sieve cells, companion cells and ordinary plants cells. Each sieve cell has end walls with holes in them to allow the sap to move through easily. The end walls are called sieve plates

26
Q

What is xylem tissue

A

Plant tissue. Transports water and supports plant. Contains xylem vessel cells and parenchyma cells

27
Q

Examples of organs

A

Leaf

Lungs

28
Q

Describe the leaf as a plant organ

A

Made up of following tissues:

Lower epidermis- stomata for gas exchange
Spongy mesophyll- full of spaces for gases to circulate
Palisade mesophyll- photosynthesis
Xylem- carries water
Phloem- carries sugars away from leaf
Upper epidermis- covered in waterproof waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

29
Q

Describe the lungs as an animal organ

A

Made up of following tissues:

Squamous epithelium tissue- surrounds alveoli
Fibrous connective tissue- forms continuos mesh around the lungs, contains fibres to help force air back out of lungs
Blood vessels- capillaries surround the alveoli

30
Q

Examples of organ systems

A

Circulatory system

Shoot system

Respiratory system

31
Q

Describe the circulatory system

A

Transports gases and other substances around the body. Includes:
Heart-pumps blood
Blood vessels- carries blood to tissues

32
Q

Describe the shoot system

A 
In plants, includes: 
Leaves- site of photosynthesis 
Buds- growing regions 
Stem- support
Flowers- reproduction
33
Q

Describe the respiratory system

A

Brings oxygen into the body, removes carbon dioxide. Includes:
Lungs-where gas exchange takes place
Trachea- allows air flow
Bronchi- brings air into lungs

Biology (13 decks)

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