Variation in Chromosome Structure and #

Question 0

humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes.
Chimpanzees ____
Bonobos ______

Answer 0

23
24
24

Question 1

Classification and identification of chromosomes: (3)

Answer 1

centromere postition
size
banding pattern

Question 2

variation in chromosome structure–

Answer 2

deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation

Question 3

missing region.

normal chromosome has broken in one or two places; or recombined at incorrect locations

Answer 3

deletion

Question 4

region repeated.

crossover at misaligned sites on homologous chromosomes (recombination)

Answer 4

duplication

Question 5

change in direction: 123—>321

Answer 5

inversion

Question 6

segment becomes attached to a different part of the chromosome or to a different chromosome.

Answer 6

translocation

Question 7

translocation simple: _________ _________ from a chromosome to another.

Answer 7

single piece

Question 8

translocation–

_____________: exchange of pieces between different chromosomes.

Answer 8

reciprocal

Question 9

_____________ tend to be detrimental .

Answer 9

deletions

Question 10

Lejeune syndrome– which chromosome?
andelman syndrome–
prader-willi sysndrome–

Answer 10

5
15
15

Question 11

_______________ tend to be less likely to have harmful effect than deletions.
ex: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1A) what chromosome?

Answer 11

duplacations

15

Question 12

Duplications can lead to ______ ______ _________ ( a segment of DNA—> 1000 bp with copy number differences among individuals of a species.
ex: humans–> schizophrenia, autism, susceptibility to _________ ___________.

Answer 12

copy number variation

infectious disease

Question 13

____________ regularly no phenotypic consequences.

Answer 13

inversions

Question 14

inversions:

1. if its boundaries affected a gene, it probably leads to _____________ _________.
2. ____________ _________- reposition of the gene in the chromosome (affects gene expression).

Answer 14

phenotypic effect

position effect

Question 15

inversions are rare, surprisingly in humans, ___% of population carries detectable inversions.

Answer 15

2%

Question 16

__________ __________: normal copy in one chromosome, inverted copy in the other (phenotypically normal)

Answer 16

inversion heterozygote.

Question 17

____________ ___________: amount of genetic material in not altered, generally no phenotypic consequences.

Answer 17

balanced translocations

Question 18

balanced translocations may result in ________ _________.

Answer 18

position effects

Question 19

individuals with balanced translocations may have offspring with ______________ translocation: phenotypical abnormalities, some lethal.

Answer 19

unbalanced

Question 20

______________ ___________: breaks near centromeres of two homologous acrocentric chromosomes

Answer 20

robertosonian translocation

Question 21

segregation patterns in reciprocal translocations: a,b,c

Answer 21

a. diagonal chromosomes sort together
b. adjacent chromosomes of different centromeres sort together
c. chromosomes with same centromeres sort together (rare)

Question 22

total of chromosomes in an exact multiple of chromosome set

Answer 22

euploid

Question 23

three or more sets of chromosomes

Answer 23

polyploid

Question 24

alteration in number of particular chromosomes; total not an exact multiple of n. ex: trisomic (3 copies instead of 2), monosomic (1 instead of 2)

Answer 24

aneuploidy

Question 25

aneuploidy usually causes abnormal phenotype, ____________ ________

Answer 25

detrimental effects

Question 26

each chromosome may carry hundreds to thousands of genes

Answer 26

aneuploidy

Question 27

excessive or deficient amounts of gene products

Answer 27

aneuploidy

Question 28

- -variation in _______ in some animals are lethal (mammals) - -________ ___________; male and female have different number of sets. - -some morphologically similar species are found one as diploid and the other as __________

Answer 28

euploidy haplodiploid species polyploid

Question 29

______________- polyploidy in cells or tissues in diploid organisms (ex: human liver cells, muscle cells, some species of Daphnia(crustaceans))

Answer 29

endopolyploidy

Question 30

increase number of chromosome may enhance production of specific ________ ________ needed in great abundance

Answer 30

gene products

Question 31

polytene chromosomes: giant chromosomes, caused by rounds of chromosome __________ without cellular division (ex: Drosophila salivary gland cells, ovary cells mosquitos, Phaseolus)

Answer 31

replication

Question 32

variations in __________ are common in plants.

Answer 32

euploidy

Question 33

ferns and flowering plants: _____-_____% are polyploids

Answer 33

30-35

Question 34

important in agriculture: ___________ ________ display outstanding agricultural characteristics .

Answer 34

polyploid strains

Question 35

plants with _____ number of sets tend to be sterile.

Answer 35

odd

Question 36

odd number cannot be divided equally between two cells----> highly probable that meiosis produces ___________ _______

Answer 36

aneuploid cells

Question 37

natural ways causing variations in chromosome number: _______-____________:chromosomes do not segregate properly. Meiotic:gametes (too many or too few chromosomes) Mitotic: somatic cells ______________: interspecies crosses;organisms with sets of chromosomes of two or more species

Answer 37

non-disjunction | alloploidy

Question 38

meiotic non-disjunction can occur during __________ or __________

Answer 38

meiosis I or meiosis II

Question 39

___________ ____-__________; all chromosomes migrate to one of the daughter cells

Answer 39

complete non-disjunction

Question 40

fertilization with a normal gamete can produce a __________ organism.

Answer 40

polyploid

Question 41

abnormalities in chromosome number after fertilization happens during _______----> mosaicism(organisms with subset of cells genetically different from the rest)

Answer 41

mitosis

Question 42

effects depend on timing and location of the first abnormal event in __________ ____-_________

Answer 42

mitotic non-disjunction

Question 43

mitotic non-disjunction: | bilateral gynandromorph- organisms with one half _______ and one half _________

Answer 43

female, male

Question 44

____________ are rare and most are sterile

Answer 44

gynandromorphs

Question 45

___________: more than two sets of chromosomes derived from the same species. --is less common than ________ (interspecies crosses)

Answer 45

autopolyploid | alloploidy

Question 46

allopolyploidy: hybridizing 2 or more species and then ___________ doubling

Answer 46

chromosome

Question 47

interests in production of ___________ and ___________ to generate hybrids with desirable traits for breeding.

Answer 47

alloploidy and allopolyploids

Question 48

__________ ____________: evolutionary related chromosomes from two different species.

Answer 48

homeologous chromosomes

Question 49

_______ of alloploids highly related to chromosome pairing

Answer 49

fertility

Question 50

colchicin binds to tubulin and affects ___________ during meiosis or mitosis: can produce aneuploidy or polyploidy

Answer 50

segregation

Question 51

individual cells are mixed together and then fused

Answer 51

cell fusion