Varieties Of English

Question 1

Traditional dialectology

Answer 1

systematic study of differences in language varieties, which is mostly concerned with regional differences in varieties.
Traditional dialects are the dialects preserved by historical factors such as the location of a place relative to political events. formed in the British Isles because of events such as the Viking invasions from 900AD which led to the creation of the danelaw, the norman conquest and the black death which killed townspeople and triggered migration to towns by country folk, prompting language change.
Harold orton

Question 2

Regional/social differences in varieties

Answer 2

Labov urban dialectology
Class: dinner/supper, singin’, anything/nothin
Trudgill triangle
Trudgill Norwich context variants

Question 3

Survey of English dialects

Answer 3

Harold orton rural communities, norms, linguistic atlas

Question 4

BBC voices

Answer 4

Language lab, NS expressions for 38 s concepts (drunk)
Radio stations
38 sets of lexical data with geographical data
Voice recordings, phon, lex, gram geog

Question 5

NORM

Answer 5

Non mobile retired male

Question 6

Linguistic atlas

Answer 6

Because dialects don’t stay within geog borders
Questionnaire vs survey, field work vs correspondence
Field work more precise, more diverse Qs precise data, limited points covered
Correspondence more points less cost less time less reliable
Limited representation, lack of spontaneity

Question 7

Value of dialectology

Answer 7

History of language, reflect social as well

Question 8

Isogloss

Answer 8

Geographic boundary of linguistic feature,

phon: flat bath north and broad bath south
lex: bread roll barm cake in Lancashire, bread cake in pennine in Leeds
gram: she were wearing in north and midlands, unmarked verb, SE marked, south east I was you was unmarked too

Question 9

Sociolinguistics

Answer 9

Language in relation to social factors 
Region
Class
Gender
Age
Ethnicity

Question 10

Dialect levelling

Answer 10

Differences in regional varieties reduce, new features emerge (supralocal forms) e.g. th fronting, I vocalisation
Transportation and media
Williams and kerswill

Question 11

Shibboleth

Answer 11

Biblical story, phonology reveals something about a person, WWII

Question 12

Subjective reaction vs matched guise

Answer 12

Having people listen to speech then rank
Vs
Hidden objective, listen to recording different accent, same speaker, asked about characteristics
Revealing of prejudices

Question 13

Perceptual dialectology

Answer 13

How non linguists perceive language variation
Where from? Where is it? How function?
Montgomery little arrow
Map of region, traditional isoglosses for reference, asked how similar dialects are to theirs, most with arrow, then connected to form networks of related language. Perceptual dialectal boundaries drawn. Borders when no connection

Question 14

Native speaker

Answer 14

Mother tongue
400,000,000
British isles
Caribbean
N America 
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa

Question 15

Non native speaker

Answer 15

Language in addition to native language
1bn+
Lingual Franca
Second language 
Foreign language
Official language

Question 16

Mother tongue

Answer 16

First language spoken most comfortable

Question 17

Language Franca

Answer 17

a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

Question 18

English as second language

Answer 18

400,000,000
India
Kenya
Lingua franca (dialects)

Question 19

English foreign language

Answer 19

700,000,000
Germany
France
Japan

Question 20

English as world language

Answer 20

The number, distribution, and types of speakers of English across the world and the reasons for English being so widespread

Question 21

Variation according to use and user

Answer 21

Difference between sociolinguistics and register

Question 22

Register

Answer 22

Variety of language according to use

Question 23

Mode

Answer 23

Medium of communication

E.g. speech/writing

Question 24

Tenor

Answer 24

Relationship between communicators

Question 25

Domain

Answer 25

Subject matter and function

Question 26

Language

Answer 26

No linguistic definition Political implications Wide word

Question 27

Dialect

Answer 27

No linguistic definition Dictionary says subordinate, peculiar Independent Varieties of language lex gram and phon different Linked to geography, variety links to other kinds

Question 28

Mutually intelligible

Answer 28

Danish Swedish and Norwegian | Scots and northern English (descent from old Northumbrian)

Question 29

Mutually unintelligible

Answer 29

Most languages | Cantonese and mandarin

Question 30

Accent

Answer 30

Way of pronouncing language | Regional or non regional (RP)

Question 31

Standard English

Answer 31

``` Printing press 17c, widely intelligible Language of intelligence Used by upper class because of writing and education- class snobbery (aitchison: language change) (Trudgill, whoever speaks says best) Formal written English ```

Question 32

Non standard English

Answer 32

Regional lex and gram Spoken with regional accent Frowned on without linguistic knowledge

Question 33

Prescriptivism

Answer 33

Telling people how to speak Samuel Johnson: dictionary of English language, standard of correctness Loath intro to English grammar, prepositions Se is best

Question 34

Descriptivism

Answer 34

Telling people how people speak Without judgement Rules determined by observance and adapted according to developments Correctness condition (sub verb ob in SE)

Question 35

Grammatical differences between SE AND NSE

Answer 35

``` Verbs regularity: I talks, you talks I talk she talks Pronominal system: yous vs you Variability: you was there weren’t you You’ve got to do it you must ```

Question 36

How did English get transported to new world

Answer 36

America: 1607 2nd expedition and 1620 pilgrim fathers Australia: 1788 penal colony and 19th 20th c gold rush

Question 37

Key factors in development of overseas English

Answer 37

Language change: America (timing) English changed in Britain from 1607-1788 BE goes changes but same at home, vice Versa or changes at both Regional varieties: Where immigrants from America Australia and s Africa=east English Cockney=Australia Scottish=New Zealand

Question 38

Linguistic consequences of contact

Answer 38

``` Bilingualism New languages (pidgin and creole) ```

Question 39

Pidgin

Answer 39

``` Need for communication in trade context, no shared language Functional language of necessity Slavery context Uncomplicated clausal structure Reduction of syllables Reduction of consonant clusters Lack of grammatical tense Reduplication ```

Question 40

Creole

Answer 40

Jamaican patois When pidgin becomes dominant in community functions increase, Lexis expands, syntax more complex Lexis: duppy (African twi influence) Fish (changed semantic gay man, pejoration) Phonology: consonant cluster (tri not three) (Diphthongisation Kiek) Grammar: no morphological past participle, participle words en and a, en=tense (mi ben wen Ron) a=aspect marker (mi a go ron)