Analysing Conversation

Question 1

What is conversation

Answer 1

Interactive
2+ people
Locally managed
Nofsinger

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

Meaning beyond words taken from context

Question 3

Implicature

Answer 3

Extra meaning intended by speaker

Question 4

Inference

Answer 4

Extra meaning deduced by listener

Question 5

Cooperative principle

Answer 5

Grice
Means for effective communication
Following maxims
Can be uncooperative in what is said but still do it cooperatively

Question 6

Maxims

Answer 6

Quality, quantity, relevance, manner

Question 7

Maxim of quality

Answer 7

Consistent truth
Don’t say something known untrue
Don’t say something unknown true

Question 8

Maxim of quantity

Answer 8

How much is said
Give amount of info useful relevant being attentive of needs of listener and timing
Don’t only tell a little truth

Question 9

Maxim of relevance

Answer 9

Connection to what has been said
Relevance is implied
Don’t change subject

Question 10

Maxim of manner

Answer 10

Style of communication timing and clarity
Being clear not long winded
Deliberate obscurity

Question 11

Adjacency pairs

Answer 11

Pair of utterances, first part predicts second

Question 12

Performatives

Answer 12

Not constative
Doing something
Ritual
Everyday
Collaborative
Searle speech acts
Austin how to do things with words

Question 13

Ritual performative

Answer 13

Baptism

Felicitous, right people, witnesses, authority, context

Question 14

Everyday performative

Answer 14

Apology promise
Something happens in consequence
Need intention, take up, and follow through

Question 15

Collaborative performative

Answer 15

Bet, challenge, jury

Someone else must accept

Question 16

Constative

Answer 16

True or false

No action following

Question 17

Felicity conditions

Answer 17

Conditions in place for speech act to achieve

Question 18

Speech acts

Answer 18

Locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary

Austin

Question 19

Locutionary act

Answer 19

Organising phonemes words phrases sentences into recognisable and coherent shape
Felicity: must understand meanings and grammar

Question 20

Illocutionary

Answer 20

Doing something with words
Warning, commanding
Must be infer

Question 21

Perlocutionary

Answer 21

Effect in listener

Response

Question 22

Direct

Answer 22

Declarative interrogative imperative

Stereotypical foe intended illocution

Question 23

Indirect

Answer 23

Not stereotypical form for intended illocution
Statement with different purpose
Politeness in different contexts

Question 24

Speech act theory importance

Answer 24

Challenge to philosophical view that words either right or wrong
Helps analyse Jokes literature misunderstandings
Full range of language functions

Question 25

Positive politeness strategies

Answer 25

``` Avoiding offenders by highlighting friendliness Criticism with compliment Establishing common ground Jokes Tag questions Please (discourse marker) ```

Question 26

Negative politeness strategy

Answer 26

Avoiding giving offence by deference Questioning Hedging Disagreement as opinion

Question 27

What is politeness

Answer 27

Deviation from efficient communication Violation of grices maxim Varies across community