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Anatomy > Vascular physiology > Flashcards

Vascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the main function of blood circulation?

A

The function of circulation consists in fulfilling the requirements of the organism: transport of nutrients and oxygen towards the tissues, distribution of hormones, transport of waste from tissues, etc.

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2
Q

What do we need to maintain in the whole body?

A

In general, to keep the appropriate environment in all body fluids to maintain homeostasis.

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3
Q

Whats Hemodynamics?

A

HEMODYNAMICS studies the factors that participate in the regulation of blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

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4
Q

Define blood flow:

A

Volume of blood that passes through a given portion of a blood vessel
per time unit (ml, L/ h, sec, min).

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5
Q

On what does Hemodynamic depend on?

A
  • blood flow
  • blood pressure
  • blood resistance
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6
Q

Whats the letter for blood flow?

A

F or Q

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7
Q

Name the formula of F(Q=

A

F(Q)= pressure gradient/ resistance

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8
Q

What does “directly proportional” mean?

A

Pressure difference between two given points of a blood vessel (pressure gradient = pushing force)
means: directly proportional

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9
Q

What does vascular resistance. mean?

A

Vascular resistance.
- Inversely proportional

Resistance = 8 ƞ L / p radius4

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10
Q

Whats p

A

blood viscosity

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11
Q

Whats L?

A

L = length

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12
Q

What does blood flow/ pressure gradient mean?

A

The difference in pressure between two points of the vasculature determines the flow, not the absolute value of the pressure

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13
Q

What does perfusion pressure mean? (important)

A

Perfusion pressure: the gradient between arterial blood pressure and venous pressure in a comparable location in
the vascular tree.

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14
Q

When does fluid only flow?

A

Fluid flows only if there is a positive pressure gradient

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15
Q

When does fluid Not flow?

A

If there is no pressure gradient, so no flow

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16
Q

On what does the flow depend on?

A

Flow depends on the pressure gradient

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17
Q

What’s blood flow or resistance?

A

The radius of the blood vessel is the most important factor that determines blood flow.

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18
Q

name the formula of resistance

A

alpha 1/radius^4

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19
Q

name the formula of flow

A

alpha 1/ resistance

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20
Q

When does the blood flow is gonna be faster?

A
  • The smaller/ narrower the radius, the faster the flow
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21
Q

Think about the blood flow regarding the cardiac output:

A
  • Movement of a volume (ΔV) per unit of time (Δt)
  • Amount of blood that goes through a given point
    in a given period of time (ml/min or l/min)
  • Healthy individual 5000 ml /min
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22
Q

State the F(Q) formula regarding the cardiac output

A

F(Q)= ΔV/ Δt

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23
Q

What’s hydrostatic pressure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel.

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24
Q

On what factors depends the blood pressure?

A
  • Cardiac Output (CO). - Blood volume.

- Vascular resistance.

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25
Q

Whats blood pressure?

A
  • Is the force blood exerts against the wall of blood vessels.
    • It produces distension of the wall of blood vessels.
    • It produces movement of blood from areas with higher pressure to those with less pressure.
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26
Q

What’s blood pressure/ blood circulation?

A
  • There is a loss of pressure as soon as blood exits the heart
  • Aortic pressure depends on the contractile force of the left ventricle
  • Pressure is being lost since blood exits from the left ventricle (approx. 110 mmHg) until it reaches the right atrium (0 mmHg).
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27
Q

What different effects do we have on peripheral or systemic resistance on BP?

A

The difficulty that blood has to go through blood vessels.

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28
Q

The resistance is determined by:

A
  • Blood vessels
    (vascular diameter, length)
  • Blood (viscosity)
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29
Q

Do we have a lower or higher resistance if we have a short vein?

A

A lower because the blood can go through faster

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30
Q

Anatomically wise on what does the artery contractility depend on?

A

On the developed media tunica

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31
Q

Define TOTAL peripheral resistance

A

The total peripheral resistance equals the sum of resistances within all blood vessels of the
systemic circulation.

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32
Q

Where can we find the mayor resistance?

A

In the arterioles

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33
Q

We have a blood flow through four identical vessels, how does the sum change?

A

The sum doesnt change, blood flow through four identical vessels is equal, total flow into vessels equal total flow

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34
Q

We have a blood flow through four different vessels but we constrict one of them, how does it change?

A

The total sum doesnt change, but the constricted one leave less blood through, whereas the others take this blood that in the end we get the same sum

35
Q

How is the blood viscosity effected in blood pressure?

A

The higher the mass of formed elements in the blood or hematocrit, the higher the blood’s viscosity.

36
Q

Name an example of less viscosity

A

anemia, less red blood cells, less viscosity

37
Q

How can we increase the viscosity?

A

By Hematocrit

38
Q

Can we find higher or lower viscosity in Polycythemia?

A

We find more viscosity

39
Q

How is the blood pressure inside arteries conditioned?

A

Conditioned by the mechanical events within heart (systole and diastole)

40
Q

Where can we find the highest arterial pressure?

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP): The highest arterial pressure reached during ventricular systole (110-120 mmHg)

41
Q

Where can we find the lowest arterial pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure (PBD): The lowest arterial pressure reached during ventricular diastole (70-80 mmHg)

42
Q

How do we call the thing for listening the heart sound?

A

The Stethoscope

43
Q

How do we call the thing we put on the arm?

A

The inflatable cuff

44
Q

How do we call the thing we can observe the pressure numbers?

A

Pressure gauge

45
Q

Can we hear the blood flow when the artery is no longer compressed?

A

no, the blood flow is silent

46
Q

Over what artery do we have to place over the stethoscope?

A

Over the brachial artery

47
Q

Through what are the Karotkoff sounds are created?

A

The sound are created by pulsatile blood flow through the compressed artery

48
Q

Does the pulse pressure increase or decrease along the cardiovascular system? (differential pressure)

A

it decreased along the cardiovascular system, because the resistance and total surface increase

49
Q

What do we understand about mean arterial pressure?

A

The value of arterial pressure achieved during a complete cardiac cycle

50
Q

What does MAP stand for?

A

Mean arterial pressure

51
Q

Where do we find the lowest mean arterial pressure?

A

In pulmonary veins

52
Q

Where do we find the highest mean arterial pressure?

A

In larger systemic arteries

53
Q

What are the factors that affect the mean arterial pressure?

A
  • blood volume
  • cardiac output
  • Distribution of blood through arteries and veins
  • total vascular (peripheral resistance)
54
Q

What do we understand under blood volume?

A
  • fluid intake

- fluid loss (passive, regulated by kidneys)

55
Q

What do we understand under cardiac output regarding the hemodynamics?

A
  • Heart rate

- stroke volume

56
Q

Regarding the hemodynamics: what factor affects the distribution of blood through arteries and veins?

A

Diameter vessels

57
Q

Regarding the Hemodynamics: what’s the factor that affect the total vascular (peripheral) resistance?

A

The diameter of arterioles

58
Q

Where do we store blood?

A

The venous system brings blood from tissues to the heart and acts as a blood reservoir (60-70% of blood from the whole vascular system is stored in veins)

59
Q

Can we contract veins?

A

NO, just arteries

60
Q

How do we call veins that have walls with a high degree of distension?

A

Capacitance vessels

61
Q

Why do we have capacitance vessels?

A

They contribute to the regulation of the volume of blood that circulates at any given time

62
Q

What do we understand under efficacious volume?

A

the regulation of the volume of blood that circulates at any given time

63
Q

State three main characteristics of veins:

A
  • large diameter
  • low resistance
  • speed of blood flow is slower (but faster than within capillaries)
64
Q

Where can we find more flexible and thinner walls?

A

in veins

65
Q

Where are the elastic and muscular components less developed?

A

In veins

66
Q

Whats the factor that is more developed in veins?

A

The connective tissue

67
Q

Name 3 classifications of veins:

A
  1. venules and small veins: tunica intimac
  2. Medium and large caliber veins:
    •(Venous valves: avoid backflow of blood away from heart.)
  3. Arteriovenous anastomosis:
    • Allow blood flow to pass from the arterioles into the small venules without passing through capillaries.
68
Q

What’s venous pressure?

A

It is the force that blood exerts on veins. Lower than the arterial pressure. Can vary depending on the volume of circulating blood (venous return) and on venous distention.

69
Q

Whats central venous pressure

A

Pressure in the right atrium (≈0 mmHg). It is due to the blood that flows from the main veins (cava- systemic). It depends on factors that modulate the venous return / capacity of the heart to eject blood

70
Q

Whats Peripheral venous pressure?

A

It is the pressure that blood exerts on thoracic / extra thoracic veins. Its value varies depending on each
vein and the posture

71
Q

We have 2 types of venous pressure:

A
  1. Central venos pressure

2. Peripheral venous pressure

72
Q

Whats a venous return?

A

Volume of blood that circulates from the capillaries to the right atrium per unit of time (min), propelled by a mean pressure gradient of 10-16 mmHg.

73
Q

State the formula of venous return:

A

Difference of pressure between venules (16 mmHg) and right atrium (0-5 mmHg).

74
Q

Whats the advantage of venous return?

A

Allows return of blood to the heart.

75
Q

When does venous return decrease?

A

It decreases when pressure in right

atrium increases.

76
Q

Factors that contribute to venous return:

A
  1. Venous pump (valves)
  2. Muscular pump
  3. Respiratory pump (inhalation/ exhalation)
  4. vascular pump
  5. Arterial pulse
  6. cardiac pump
77
Q

Venous return: relaxation

A

Relaxation: valves are open and blood flows towards the heart.

78
Q

Venous return: leg muscles contract

A

Leg muscles contract:

contraction pushes blood up. Some blood goes down and closes distal valves.

79
Q

Venous return: after muscle contraction

A

proximal valve closes due to fall of blood. Distal valve opens because the pressure in the foot is higher than in the leg

80
Q

State inhalation.

A

the diaphragm moves down causing a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity. Blood moves to less compressed thoracic veins [there is a suction effect from heart through the vena cava].

81
Q

State exhalation

A

reverse pressure. Valves prevent blood from flowing back

82
Q

Arterial pulse

A

abrupt expansion of an artery that compress the adjacent vein, resulting in the propelling of the blood towards the atria.

83
Q

Cardiac pump:

A

atrial suction during ventricular diastole (atrial emptying).

Anatomy (7 decks)

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