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Vascular physiology II Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

When does Venous return increase?

A
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Decrease in arteriolar pressure (resistance)
  • Supine position or with elevated legs
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2
Q

When does Venous return decrease?

A

Increase in right atrium pressure (It diminishes the pressure gradient)

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3
Q

Where does the main function of circulation take place? (important)

A

The main function of the circulation takes place within the microcirculation
= transport of nutrients to tissue and removal of cellular waste products

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4
Q

Whats the non-nutritional role?

important

A

Formation of glomerular filtrate
✓ Regulation of temperature
✓ Immune response
✓ Transport of hormones

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5
Q

Where exactly does the microcirculation happen?

important

A

End portion of arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries and post capillary venules.

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6
Q

From where does the blood flow from?

A

Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries into venules.

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7
Q

By what is the blood flow regulated?

A

Blood flow through the capillary bed is regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation of smooth muscle within metarterioles and venules

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8
Q

How are these spincters called?

A

precapillary sphincters

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9
Q

What tissue does the sphincter have?

A

ring of contractile smooth muscle

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10
Q

What movements do they do?

important

A

Relax and constrict

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11
Q

What are capillaries?

important

A

Join arterioles and venules Very narrow: allow exchange of substances with interstitial fluid.

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12
Q

Where can we find the arterioles in the tree?

important

A

In the last division of the arterial tree

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13
Q

Where do we find the venues of the tree?

important

A

First part or the venous system

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14
Q

Does a single capillary has a high or a low resistance?

A

Has a high resistance to blood flow due to its small diameter

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15
Q

Does the capillary network have a high or low resistance?

A

If we consider it as a whole, it has a very low resistance

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16
Q

How is the speed of blood in the capillary network?

A

its very low

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17
Q

How is the pressure in inside the capillary network?

A

Blood pressure is very low

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18
Q

Where does the optimal condition for exchange of nutrients and waste (gases, fluids) between plasma occur?

A

Optimal conditions for exchange of nutrients and waste (gases, fluids) between plasma and interstitial fluid occur in capillaries.

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19
Q

Whats the exchange mechanism between capillaries and interstitial fluid (IF)?

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • filtration
  • absorption
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20
Q

What`s simple diffusion?

important

A

Fick’s Laws of diffusion

related to the concentration

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21
Q

What`s facilitated diffusion?

imposant

A

Pinocytosis or Vesicular transport, endo/exocytosis

thanks to something without energy

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22
Q

What`s the ficks law?

important

A

Fick’s law
Diffusion speed of a substance through a membrane is directly proportional to the concentration gradient of such a substance across that membrane.

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23
Q

What`s simple diffusion in better words?

important

Study These Flashcards
A

Process by which molecules spontaneously move from a high concentration area towards an area with lower concentration (following concentration gradient)
(ex. gases)

24
Q

Regarding simple diffusion, how do lipidic substances travel?
(important)

Study These Flashcards
A

Directly through the endothelial membrane: OXYGEN AND CARBON

DIOXIDE.

25
What are HIDROSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES? | important
Through “membrane pores”: WATER, IONS, GLUCOSE.
26
What is net filtration? | important
the difference between the gradient between hydrostatic pressure (pressure of the blood that pushes the liquid through the pores in capillaries) and osmotic pressure (pressure exerted by proteins)
27
What`s reabsorption? | important
If net fluid movement goes towards the capillary
28
What`s filtration? | important
If net fluid movement goes towards the outside of the capillary
29
Who is responsible for the capillary interstitial fluid transfer?
The starling law
30
What`s hydrostatic capillary pressue? | important
Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel. IT depends on: - Cardiac Output (CO). - Blood volume. - Vascular resistance
31
What`s interstitial hydrostatic pressure?
Opposes to the filtration towards the capillary. | Most physiologists refer to a negative value (-3) mmHg (close to 0).
32
Whats the force that governs filtration? | important
The hydrostatic force that governs FILTRATION is normally HCP
33
Whats blood colloid osmotic pressure?
Due to the presence of plasma proteins. • Normal BCOP 28 mmHg (70% due to proteins) • Albumin (globulins, fibrinogen)
34
What do osmotic forces have?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure | Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
35
What`s Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure?
Small as Albumin concentration is low in interstitial fluid | 8mmHg
36
What does an increase in HCP (hydrostatic colloid pressure) do?
An ↑ in HCP favours the movement of fluid towards the interstitial space.
37
What does an increase in BCOP (blood colloid osmotic pressure) do?
An ↑ in BCOP favours the movement of liquid towards the capillaries from the interstitial space.
38
What does the blood colloid osmotic pressure avoid?
The blood colloid osmotic pressure avoids the loss of intravascular volume
39
What does the microcirculation control?
* The pressure gradient between the arterial and venous ends of a capillary network. * Vasoconstriction-vasodilation of arterioles, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters (VASOMOTION)
40
What`s vasomotion?
Vasoconstriction-vasodilation of arterioles, metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
41
What`s proportional to the metabolic needs in the most tissues?
In most tissues, the local flow is proportional to the metabolic needs of those tissues.
42
Arterial pressure depends on:
- Cardiac Output (CO) = SV x HR - Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) - Volume
43
On what does F (cardiac output) depends on?
F depends on cardiac output = SV x HR
44
On what does R (resistance) depend on?
R depends on viscosity, length of blood vessel and size of lumen (radius)
45
Arterial pressure regulation due to:
- neural mechanisms - humoral mechanisms - slow action mechanisms
46
What are neural mechanisms?
Immediate control
47
What are humeral mechanisms?
Intermediate control - adrenal/noradrenaline - vasopressin - renin-angiotension - aldosterone
48
What is slow action mechanism?
long term control - renal function - liquid intake
49
Body response to an increase in arterial pressure:
blood pressure increase, blood vessel stretch and activate baroreceptor, increased potential activity
50
We have an increased potential activity due to:
Cardiovascular center | Vasomotor center
51
What does the cardiovascular center do by an increase in arterial pressure?
- decreased sympathetic activity of to heart - decreased heart rate and force if contraction - decreased cardiac output
52
What does the vasomotor center do by an increase in arterial pressure?
- blood vessel dilate - decreased total peripheral resistance - blood pressure decreases to normal
53
What do mechanoreceptors do?
Detect changes in volume (Mechanoreceptors located in the atria and major veins). Sympathetic response. Increase in urine production
54
What do Baroreceptors do?
Modify the peripheral resistance, the cardiac frequency, and cardiac output in response to changes in blood pressure (Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and the arch of the aorta)
55
What do chemoreceptors do?
Detect changes in pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, changes in pH and arterial pressure (Chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies). Low O2: hypoxia; high CO2: hypercapnia; high H+: acidosis. All increase SANS
56
Does the Baroreflex include the brain?
No, without any connection to the brain just: first: aortic arch baroreceptor second: glossopharyngeal nerve third: vagus nerve fourth: Sympathetic nerves fifth: blood vessels

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