Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 1

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

Fundamental unit of life

Question 2

Tissue

Answer 2

Group of cells that perform a specialized function

Question 3

Organ

Answer 3

Group of tissues that carry out particular functions

Question 4

Difference between below ground and above ground?

Answer 4

Plants take up water and minerals from below ground, while plants take up CO2 and light from above ground

Question 5

Roots

Answer 5

Multicellular organs that anchor plant, absorb minerals and water and store organic nutrients

Question 6

Taproot

Answer 6

Present in eudicot or gymnosperms; main root that gives rise to lateral roots

Question 7

Lateral roots

Answer 7

Branch roots

Question 8

Adventitious roots

Answer 8

Arise from stems or leaves (above structures)

Question 9

Fibrous root

Answer 9

Present in seedless and Monocot plants; thin lateral roots w/ no main root

Question 10

Root hairs

Answer 10

Absorb water and minerals and increase surface area for nutrient uptake

Question 11

What are the five root modifications?

Answer 11

Prop roots (support top heavy plants), storage roots (like carrots and beets), air roots (provide air to roots like a snorkel), buttress roots (rainforest trees), and strangling roots (figs)

Question 12

Stem

Answer 12

Organ that supports the plant and help leaves be in a taller position to absorb light

Question 13

Nodes

Answer 13

Points at which leaves are attached; on stem

Question 14

Internode

Answer 14

Stem segment between nodes

Question 15

Axillary bud

Answer 15

Potential to form a lateral shoot or branch; base at petiole

Question 16

Apical bud

Answer 16

Also called terminal bud; located near shoot tip and causes enlongation of young shoot

Question 17

Apical dominance

Answer 17

Helps maintain dormancy in most non apical buds

Question 18

Rhizomes

Answer 18

A stem motification; horizontal stem just below surface w/ leaves attached

Question 19

Bulbs

Answer 19

A stem modification; vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged vases of storage leaves w/ no internodes; ex: onion

Question 20

Stolons

Answer 20

Horizontal shoots along surface (runners); allows asexual reproduction

Question 21

Tubers

Answer 21

Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for food storage; ex: potatoes

Question 22

Leaf

Answer 22

Main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants

Question 23

What do leaves consist of?

Answer 23

Petiole and blade

Question 24

Blade

Answer 24

Flattened part of the leaf

Question 25

Petiole

Answer 25

Stalk that joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Question 26

Simple leaf

Answer 26

Leaf modification; single undivided blade

Question 27

Compound leaf

Answer 27

Leaf modification; multiple leaflets arising from petiole and no axillary bud at base only on petiole

Question 28

Doubly compound leaf

Answer 28

Leaf modification; leaflets divided again into smaller leaflets

Question 29

Tendrils

Answer 29

Leaf modification; provide support; ex: vines

Question 30

Spines

Answer 30

Leaf modification; provides protection (spikes), reduced surface area, shade; only has photosynthetic stem

Question 31

Storage leaves

Answer 31

Stores water and food; in hot environments

Question 32

Reproductive leaves

Answer 32

Leaf modification; adventitious plantlets

Question 33

Bracts

Answer 33

Leaf modification; surround flowers that attract pollinators

Question 34

List three tissue types in plants.

Answer 34

Dermal, ground, vascular

Question 35

Dermal

Answer 35

Protective tissue

Question 36

Ground

Answer 36

Responsible for photosynthesis, storage and support (metabolic processes); xylem and phloem

Question 37

Vascular

Answer 37

Fluid movement

Question 38

Vascular tissue system

Answer 38

Carries out long distance transport of materials between shoots and roofs

Question 39

Xylem

Answer 39

Carries water and dissolved minerals upwards from roots; has tracheids and vessel elements; dead at maturity

Question 40

Phloem

Answer 40

Transports organic nutrients from leaves to roots and other developing areas

Question 41

Tracheids and vessel elements

Answer 41

Water conducting cells that are dead at maturity

Question 42

Vessels

Answer 42

Vessel elements align end to end forming micro pipes

Question 43

Pits

Answer 43

Tiny holes that move water from vessel to tracheid

Question 44

Sieve plates

Answer 44

Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube; each sieve tube has a companion cell

Question 45

Parenchyma cells

Answer 45

No cell wall; flexible and thin; in cells that are developing (prior to specialization); retain ability to divide and differentiate; perform most metabolic functions; ex: phloem cells, leaf photosynthetic cells, storage tissues

Question 46

Collenchyma cells

Answer 46

Support young parts of plants; thicker and uneven cell walls; provide flexible support and mechanical support

Question 47

Schlerenchyma cells

Answer 47

In wood; highly specialized for mechanical rigidity; resistant to bending and cannot grow; dead at maturity; ex: xylem cells