Vector-Borne Diseases Flashcards
(41 cards)
How are vector borne diseases transmitted?
Ticks, diptera (mosquitos, sandflies), lice and fleas
Name some zoonotic vector borne diseases
Leishmaniosis Borreliosis Rickettsiosis Anaplasmosis Bartonellosis Dirofilariosis
Name 4 bacterial tick-borne diseases
Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasmosis
Rickettsiosis
Lyme borreliosis
Name 2 protozoal tick borne diseases
Babesiosis
Hepatozoonosis
Name a viral tick borne disease
Tick-borne encephalitis
Name the tick vector of Ehrlichiosis
Rhipicephalus sanguineous
Describe the clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the acute phase
- Vague signs: lethargy, fever, weight loss, inappetence
- Generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly
- Neurological signs (meningeal inflammation/bleeding)
- Thrombocytopenia and occasionally leukopenia (low platelets and WBCs)
Can dogs recover from acute ehrlichiosis?
Dogs can recover the acute phase after 2-4 weeks without treatment but remaining
sub-clinically infected (mild thrombocytopenia)
Describe the clinical signs of ehrlichiosis in the chronic phase
Range in severity (from mild to life-threatening)
- Signs: pallor, fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, uveitis, retinal detachment, PUPD
- Bleeding tendencies (thrombocytopenia/platelets dysfunction): Petechia, ecchymosis epistaxis
- Secondary infections (viral papillomatosis), polymyositis
How is ehrlichiosis diagnosed based on clinical pathology changes?
- Pancytopenia (especially non-regenerative anaemia and thrombocytopenia)
- Moderate to marked lymphocytosis
- Non specific changes in biochemistry: hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
- Monoclonal gammopathy
- Proteinuria
What are some other methods of Ehrlichiosis diagnosis?
- Cytology: Morula within the monocytes: diagnostic but low sensitivity
- Serology (IFA/ELISA*): antibodies develop between 7-28 days (acute phase might be missed)
- PCR: low sensitivity but can be used to confirm infections (especially acute phase)
- Snap test
How is Ehrlichiosis treated and prevented?
- Doxycycline
- Tick control
Which ticks are vectors for Anaplasmosis?
Ixodes ricinus
Rhipicephalus sanguineous
What are the clinical signs of Anaplasmosis?
Signs not specific: fever, lethargy, inappetence, lameness, mild lymphadenomeglay, splenomegaly and neutrophilic polyarthritis
Thrombocytopenia
How is anaplasmosis diagnosed based on clinical pathology changes?
Pancytopenia (especially thrombocytopenia)
Lack of lymphocytosis (vs. Ehrlichia canis)
Non specific changes in biochemistry
Via what other methods can anaplasmosis be diagnosed?
- Morula within neutrophils is highly suggestive
- Serology (IFA/ELISA): Good for chronic infections (false negative if too acute) If raised by 4 times indicative of infection.
- PCR: good sensitivity, it can be done on whole blood, confirm active infections
- Snap tests
How is anaplasmosis treated and prevented?
Doxycycline
Tick control
Name the tick vector for Rickettsiosis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
What are the clinical signs of Rickettsiosis?
Fever, peripheral oedema, erythema, stiff gait, lameness, lymphadenomeglay
anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
How is Rickettsiosis diagnosed?
Serology: Positive titres
PCR
How is Rickettsiosis treated and prevented?
Doxycycline
Tick control
Name the tick vector of Lyme borreliosis
Ixodes ricinus
What are the clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis?
Lyme arthritis: oligo-polyarthritis with painful, swollen joints, joint effusion, fever
Lyme nephritis: development of PLN associated with immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
PUPD - late signs
How is Lyme borreliosis diagnosed?
- Cytology: Presence of morulas in joint effusion indicative of infection
- Different serological tests available with different pro/cons:
4dx: does not react with vaccine, use off-label for cats
Lyme C6 Quant: quantitative test: can be used to monitor response to treatment
