Ventilation

Question 1

What are the 2 membranes surrounding the lungs

Answer 1

The inner (visceral) pleura lines the lungs
The outer (parietal) pleura connects the lungs to the rib cage

Question 2

How many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 2

3

Question 3

How many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

The moving of air in and out of the lungs

Question 5

What is external respiration

Answer 5

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

Question 6

What is the respiratory gas transport

Answer 6

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

Question 7

What is the internal respiration

Answer 7

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

Question 8

What is Ppl

Answer 8

The pleural pressure - pressure between the two pleurae

Question 9

At the beginning of inspiration what is Ppl

Answer 9

Negative

Question 10

What is PA

Answer 10

Alveolar pressure

Question 11

What is PB

Answer 11

Atmospheric air pressure (barometric)

Question 12

what type of process is inspiration

Answer 12

An active process

Question 13

What is the recoil pressure

Answer 13

After air enters the lungs there is a difference between PA and Ppl

Question 14

Process of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 14

As air enters the lungs are stretched and Ppl becomes negative causing the PA to become negative causing a rush of air into the lungs
After air enters the lungs there is a difference between PA and Ppl and is a measure of the force required to collapse the unit at the beginning of expiration

Question 15

What type of process is expiration

Answer 15

A passive process

Question 16

Which muscles are used during inspiration

Answer 16

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm

Question 17

Which muscles are used during expiration

Answer 17

Internal intercostal muscles
External and internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm

Question 18

What does the external intercostal muscles do during inspiration

Answer 18

Pulls ribs up and out

Question 19

What does the diaphragm do during inspiration

Answer 19

Contracts

Question 20

What does the sternecleidonmastoid do during inspiration

Answer 20

Elevates the sternum moving up and out

Question 21

What does the pectoralis minor do during inspiration

Answer 21

Elevates the ribs

Question 22

What does the diaphragm do during expiration

Answer 22

Relaxes forcing air out

Question 23

What does the posterior internal intercostal muscles do during expiration

Answer 23

Pull ribs down and inward

Question 24

What does the abdominal organs do during expiration

Answer 24

Force diaphragm higher

Question 25

What does the abdominal wall muscle do during expiration

Answer 25

Contracts and compresses abdominal organs

Question 26

What do macrophages do during gaseous exchange

Answer 26

Adds protection

Question 27

What coats the alveolar surfaces

Answer 27

Surfactant coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces

Question 28

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood

Answer 28

In the plasma as bicarbonate ion A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on haemoglobin but at different binding sites to oxygen

Question 29

What does the oxygen dissociation curve represent

Answer 29

The amount of oxygen saturation bonded to haem in blood needed for various processes

Question 30

What are the 2 common diseases of lungs classified into

Answer 30

Obstructive and restrictive

Question 31

What happens with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Answer 31

Narrowing of airways making expiration more difficult

Question 32

What happens with asthma

Answer 32

Characterised by attacks of shortness of breath coughing and wheezing due to allergens

Question 33

List 5 aging effects of the respiratory tissues

Answer 33

Elasticity of lungs decreases Vital capacity decreases Blood oxygen levels decrease Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases More risks of respiratory tract infection

Question 34

What is the respiratory rate of newborns

Answer 34

40-80 respirations per minute

Question 35

What is the respiratory rates in infants

Answer 35

30 respirations per minute

Question 36

What is the respiratory rate for age 5

Answer 36

25 respirations per minute

Question 37

What is the respiratory rate for adults

Answer 37

12-18 respirations per minute

Question 38

What happens to the respiratory rate during old age

Answer 38

The rate often increases