Ventilation Control

Question 1

name the three basic elements of ventilation control

Answer 1

central controller (pons/brainstem)
effectors
sensors

Question 2

what is the central controller of respiration?

Answer 2

pons in the brainstem

Question 3

what type of neurons does the ventral respiratory group contain? inspiratory expiratory or both?

Answer 3

both

Question 4

name the three locations the ventral respiratory group nerves project to

Answer 4

phrenic nerve
intercostal neurons
abdominal motor neurons

Question 5

what type of nerves are in the dorsal respiratory group in the pons?

Answer 5

just inspiratory nerves

Question 6

what is the main sensory location of the respiratory control?

Answer 6

the dorsal respiratory group

Question 7

where does the pre botzinger complex reside?

Answer 7

in the ventral respiratory group

Question 8

what is unique about the nerves in the pre botzinger complex?

Answer 8

they have pacemaker ability…automaticity

Question 9

where does the normal breathing rhythm originate?

Answer 9

in the pre botzinger complex in the ventral respiratory group

Question 10

what nerve innervated the diaphragm?

Answer 10

the phrenic nerve

Question 11

where do the intercostal nerves originate from?

Answer 11

the thoracic vertebrae

Question 12

where do the abdominal muscles receive their innervation?

Answer 12

from lumbar vertebrae

Question 13

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located for respiratory system?

Answer 13

common carotid artery and aortic arch

Question 14

what is the main stimulus of the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 14

low O2…do not respond to CO2 changes as well

Question 15

what nerve carries signals from common carotid sensor?

Answer 15

glossopharyngeal

Question 16

what nerve carries signals from aortic arch sensor?

Answer 16

vagus nerve

Question 17

what do the central chemoreceptors mainly detect changes in? how?

Answer 17

CO2

it will change pH levels in the CSF

Question 18

explain how high CO2 levels lead to low pH levels in the CSF (2 reasons)

Answer 18

the blood brain barrier is very permeable to CO2 and impermeable to any charged things…

there are low levels of protein in the CSF so CO2 plays large role in the carbonic anhydrase reaction

Question 19

aside from the central and peripheral receptors for respiratory, what else is there?

Answer 19

pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 20

where are the pulmonary stretch receptors located?

Answer 20

airway smooth muscle

Question 21

what nerve serves as the afferent tract of the pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 21

vagus nerve

Question 22

when the pulmonary stretch nerves are stimulated, what is the response? what does this protect the lung from?

Answer 22

to inhibit ventilation

being over inflated

Question 23

if you sever the vagus nerve, how does this affect tidal volume? why?

Answer 23

it will increase tidal volume because the pulmonary stretch receptors are no longer able to fire as volume is increasing

Question 24

what are pulmonary irritant receptors?

Answer 24

these are nerve receptors located in between the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract

Question 25

what do pulmonary irritant receptors respond to?

Answer 25

noxious gases, cigarette smoke and inhaled dust/cold air

Question 26

what nerve do pulmonary irritant fibers run on?

Answer 26

vagus nerve

Question 27

activation of pulmonary irritant fibers leads to what three responses?

Answer 27

ventilation, bronchoconstriction and cough

Question 28

are pulmonary stretch receptors rapidly adapting fibers or slowly adapting fibers? what does this mean?

Answer 28

they are slowly adapting meaning that as long as stimulus of stretch is present they will be firing

Question 29

are pulmonary irritant fibers rapidly or slowly adapting fibers? what does this mean?

Answer 29

rapidly adapting meaning they will stop firing before sensation is gone

Question 30

what are the J receptors? where are they located?

Answer 30

receptors located in the external wall of the pulmonary capillaries..

Question 31

what two things do J receptors respond to?

Answer 31

blood borne substances and pulmonary congestion/edema

Question 32

what nerve do J receptors run on?

Answer 32

vagus nerve

Question 33

what does activation of the J receptors cause?

Answer 33

transient apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing, bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion

Question 34

what two diseases are the pulmonary J receptors very commonly stimulated in?

Answer 34

left heart failure and interstitial lung disease

Question 35

you can receive stimulation from many other body areas like proprioception and muscle pain and temp, what are of the respiratory control center do these aspects travel to?

Answer 35

the dorsal respiratory group

Question 36

what is the name of the stretch receptor reflex?

Answer 36

Hering Breur reflex

Question 37

name the two other groups in the pons that contribute to breathing patterns

Answer 37

apneustic | pneumotaxic

Question 38

what is the role of the apneustic area in the pons?

Answer 38

will help with gasping for air

Question 39

what is the role of the pneumotaxic area in the pons?

Answer 39

contributes to regulation of normal tidal breathing patterns

Question 40

which receptors contribute to histamine production in asthma?

Answer 40

pulmonary irritant receptors

Question 41

in exercise, once you switch to anaerobic respiration what happens to the CO2, O2 and pH levels in arterial blood?

Answer 41

CO2 decreases O2 increases pH falls

Question 42

why does the pH fall in exercise?

Answer 42

lactic acid

Question 43

why does the CO2 decrease and O2 increase in exercise?

Answer 43

higher rate of ventilation

Question 44

what is the name of the cell type that helps coordinate the response to low O2 in the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 44

glomus cells

Question 45

what is the name of the other cell that helps glomus cells in the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 45

sustentacular cells

Question 46

what is the main chemical that drives ventilation rates?

Answer 46

PaCO2

Question 47

if you have an increase in CO2 what happens to ventilation? what about an increase with a decrease in O2?

Answer 47

ventilation will increase ventilation will increase even more in this case

Question 48

if you have a decrease in CO2 what happens to ventilation?

Answer 48

ventilation decreases