Verbal Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
Countable phrases
A
fewer, many
2
Q
Not countable phrases
A
Less, much, amount
3
Q
Indicate +
A
Need - indicate THAT
4
Q
During which
A
indicative time span
5
Q
-ing modifier
A
when subject is doing the action (walking around, he…)
6
Q
-ed modifier
A
when action done on subject (aggravated, he went… the exhausted man…)
7
Q
Adj modifier
A
-modify noun
- placement matters
- “which” only refer to noun before, never a CLAUSE
Ex: confiscated a car, a loss that…
Ex: his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor
8
Q
Adv modifier
A
- phrase, verb, other adj
- placement doesn’t matter
Ex: confiscated his car, LEAVING HIM…
Ex: grandma is SUPPOSEDLY his Irish ancestor
Ex: add -ly
9
Q
“due to”
Due to versus because of
A
replace with caused by and see how it sounds
Due to noun (DTN), Because of verb (BOV) Due to - modifies noun Ex: failure was due to poor study habits B/c of - answer why, modify verb Ex: plants grow bc of the sun shining
10
Q
Hopefully will
could possibly
A
Can’t hope then know it will happen….SC must make sense
11
Q
Participle
A
Verbs that function as an adj -present participle: were differing "ing" -past participle: were differed "ed" Auxiliary verb + participle (was, has, should have)
12
Q
-ly (rarely vs rare)
A
-ly words are adverbs
“rare” is adj (rare find)
- supposedly vs supposed (adv / adj)
- usually / usual (adv / adj)
13
Q
it’s impt that the chromosomes of a pop to be tested for chemically induced damage be compared with those of a control pop
A
identify: demand+that+subjunctive
- impt that …be compared …
14
Q
that vs which
A
- find what it / they refer to (look at main subject / noun, usually not ambiguous)
Which - refers to noun preceding it (if , which then that’s nonessential modifier and you better be able to remove the clause)
That - doesn’t modify people, drop “that” if clause modifies modified noun
Pronoun - if not specific, it’s singular (anyone, everyone, whatever…)
SANAM - plural or singular, look at noun after it (some, all, none, any, more/ most)
15
Q
Tense
A
Spot: look at key words like “yesterday”, multiple tenses/actions
- Past:
1. past perfect “had done” - don’t use often bc easy to insert unnec “had”
2. simple past - Present:
1. start in past, still going on
2. have / has + ___ed (or gone / seen) - Subjunctive
1. If i were…; as though, as if
16
Q
S/V
A
find verb, check w subject
17
Q
collective noun (army) - singular or plural?
A
singular
18
Q
The number of students…(is or are)
A
is
19
Q
A number of students…(is or are)
A
are
20
Q
Modifiers (prepositional phrases) don’t need
A
subject and verb
21
Q
+ along with
A
does not make noun plural
22
Q
concision
A
- use noun + adjective rather adj + noun
- don’t add word that adds no meaning
Ex: I might (possibly) go - delete possibly –> GMAT likes to add multiple words
–> passive active language not tested
23
Q
As vs than
A
As = equating Than = differentiating
24
Q
Comparison steps
A
- check idiom (as vs than)
- check branches - right comparison
- elim modifier
25
if see that, those, if, they
- point to exact noun in phrase
26
Verb Abbreviation
Do, am, are, will, was (helping verbs)
- say the full verb, after abbrev
Ex: A writes as much as he does [write]
27
Noun Abbreviation
1. That, those - replace noun SIMILAR not identical to comparison
Ex: air in my room is better than that in my car
2. It, they - refer to SAME noun
Ex: students enjoy summer more than they do study
Wrong: subway in NY is better than it is in UK
28
"That" as Request
Subj 1 + demand verb + THAT + subj 2 + subjunctive
29
"That" as Full clause
Subj + verb + that + subject 2+ verb (not always subjunctive)
30
"That" as Subject
That he left or that he does this... is great
| That doesn't modify people
31
Common logical flaws - 1
Argue x is causing Y bc group x has more Y than non x group
- you must control all other possible variables to say that x=y
Ex: expand highway will lower congestion (if people don't take rail but still drive, then expand highway won't lower congestion)
32
Common logical flaws - 2
Self selection bias - if experimental group chose to be in that group - NOT RANDOM. may be fundamentally diff groups
(Ex: ppl drive red sports cars get more tix, driving red sports car makes you speed. no if sample of ppl are ppl who generally tend to speed)
33
Common logical flaws - 3
% increase - check both numerator and denom
34
Finding the assumption
1. Valid assumptions still assumptions - blood loss is bad
2. Disprove concl w counter to find assumption (blue pleases eye, please means happy, sky makes you happy. what if sky is not blue)
3. out of scope isn't wrong (may just be an alternative way to prove concl)
4. if answers weaken, should DESTROY concl and logic of evidence
-->if answer strengthen / assump, ask if choice weren't true so you can find opposite and see if concl is DESTROYED
Ex: if people don't even read, then making pamplets won't even work
35
RC - author's main point
Check 1. accuracy 2. in scope**
1. accuracy - check EVERY WORD, trick you w 1 word
2. In scope - obvious if choices are sub-ideas, choose one that's most impt; look for author's opinion
36
RC steps
1. Determine scope
2. Tone - describe vs argue (look for opinion words)
3. Structure*** - role of ea paragraph, watch for new ideas
37
Logical opposites
Watch out for some, all, most
| Concl can't be ALL if evidence shows some
38
CR - Find the assumption
1. Identify assumption
| 2. Strengthen / Support arg
39
CR - Contradict assump
Weaken, undermine, dispute, must DESTROY conclusion
40
CR - Inference / conclusion
* Info must be given to conclude
| * if hypothetical situation makes inference, then it's false (process of elim)
41
CR - Bolded
figure out concl, and figure out role (support or no)
| *wary of inaccurate words bc ea wrong answer has >1
42
WHICH
- "which" only refer to noun PRECEDING, never a CLAUSE
43
+ "that" + subjunctive
demand, recommend, propose, mandate (not mandate for), ask, REQUIRE
44
+ "that" + NO subjunctive
declare, discovery, find, heard, hold, indicate, rule, reveal, recognize, hold, heard, don't doubt, believe, convinced, contend, confident (have confidence that), claim, agree, appears
45
+ "that" + subjunctive / NO (dep on meaning)
Suggest, show,
46
Doubt
+whether / if (for positive doubt)
| +that (for don't doubt)
47
--- + from
prohibit, isolate, exclude, differ
48
As vs like
As compares clauses
| Like compares nouns
49
As phrases
- Just as A, B
- Just as A so B
- Just as A, so too B
- A just as B
A as B
as A, B
A is as ___ as B
A not so much as B
not so much A as B
times as old as
50
Like phrases
Like A, B
A like B
Unlike A, B
51
Wrong use of as
Need uniform - as..as, not as that, so as, as than,
52
As well as
2 things only (and is for >2)
53
Comparison - common error
```
repeat verb (if you take out the 1st comparison)
*impt to plug each branch separately to check
```
54
Mistake+
Mistake A for B
55
No "as" needed
Consider A, B
Declare A, B
Make A, B
56
Compared+
Compared to A, B
NOTE: X compared TO A, X compared WITH A both are fine
57
In contrast +
In contrast to /with A, B
58
A develops+
A develops into B
59
A differs+
A differs from B
60
Estimate A+
Estimate A to be B (no estimate as)
61
Discount+
Discount to
62
Because of+
Because of noun
63
Due to
Check using caused by (modify NOUN not verb)
| Ex: Due to his illness, due to the fact that
64
--- A as B
Define A as B
| Identify, understand, interpret, take, regard, use
65
Comparison - common error (wrong comparison
Tech co are as likely as THE AVG COMPANY to fail
v.
tech co are as likely as THE INDUSTRY AVG to fail
(comparing tech co and avg co, not tech CO and industry AVG
66
Can
```
the mger can run the plant
WORDIER
- able to run
- capable of running
- has the ability / capability to run
- possibly causes
```
67
Although+
clause
68
Both..and
1. Be careful of parallel
Ex: both IN plants and IN animals, not both IN plants and animals or vice versa
2. Can't switch up both...as well as or but also
69
Believe
believe that, believe to be
Wrong:
Believe by her to be right
70
Being
can be right, but only pick if other choices are wrong for clear grammar errors
Ex: Being infected doesn't make you sick
Ex: (?) Being an advocate of reform, I would...
71
Because
Plants grow bc the sun shines
Plants grow, for the sun shines
```
Wrong:
B/c of
as a result of
Bc .. is the reason
Being that..
Explained bc of...
```
72
As
Use "as" to describe during, because/since, in the same way, in the role of, in the stage of being
Ex: as I walked, I became nervous (during)
as I had paid, I was ok (b/c)
as we did last year, we will win this year (same way)
as the president (role)
73
aggravate vs aggravating
aggravate - to make worse
aggravating - annoying
WRONG: he was aggravating to the problem--> he aggravated the problem
74
after vs following
After (not following) the gold rush, the town collapsed - following implies directly after and that's not true, town could collapse a bit after the gold rush
75
Affect vs effect
Meaning is different -
Cause an AFFECT (will affect, case an affect...)
have an EFFECT (have an effect on...)
76
Act
Use "Act" to describe function, behave in similar way
Ex: acted as a funnel
acted like a fool
77
consider
like "Declare"
consider + noun (her) a friend, consider illegal
consider A, B
WRONG
consider the law - as / should be / as if it were - illegal
consider + to be
78
Allow+
allow + --- + to
Ex: holiday allows Maria to watch the movie
was allowed to
allows for new construction (allows for + noun)
WRONG allows for her to watch
79
Contrast+
Contrast with, contrast to +noun
80
Cost +
cost us billions IN $, cost OF
WRONG
cost us billions BC OF pollution (wrong definition)
81
Conceive+
conceive of architecture as a dialogue
| Think of ...
82
connection+
connection between
83
compared+
compared to or compared with (both are fine)
WRONG
zebras are MORE (delete) viscious compared to
84
comparable
costs are rising, but incomes have not increased comparably (not to a comparable extent)
85
claim+
claim that
| claim to be able to
86
chance +
chance in 1000 OF winning
87
borders+
borders within
88
between vs among
between - 2
| among >2 people
89
begin+
mvt began as / with
90
ban--+
ban prohibiting us FROM
WRONG
ban that we can't do this...
91
aware+
aware of
| aware that danger was near
92
attribute+
attribute to
WRONG
attribute as
93
apply+
apply to (apply to all of us)
94
such as +
such as driving
WRONG
such as BY driving
95
anxiety +
anxiety about / that his company's future
WRONG
about + phrase (his company may be sold)
96
aim+
aim at / of
97
aid +
aid to people
| aid in ____-ing
98
appear +
appear as (show up as)
appears (seems)
appears that
99
credit+
credit (person) with
| credited with
100
danger+
in danger of forgetting
| a danger to forget
101
date+
dated the artifact AT
WRONG
dated to / as being
102
decide+
decide to
WRONG
decision was to start
103
decline+
decline in
104
depend+
depend on
105
design+
design to
106
determine+
determine by
107
develop+
develop into
108
difference+
```
difference in ability btwn us
difference btwn what you can do and what i can do
difference IN what you and i can do
WRONG
difference btwn what you and i can do
```
109
distinguish / distinction+
distinguish / distinction+ btwn...and
WRONG
distinguish / distinction+ from, with, of+to
110
do+
I didn't but she did so
WRONG
I didn't but she did it or this (not parallel? I didn't do it but she did)
111
economic v economical
economic means cheaper
| economical means more efficient
112
enough+
enough to + verb (enough to read)
| enough for + noun (enough for me)
113
ensure+
ensure that this will happen
| *certain
114
estimate+
estimate to be
115
even
```
even richer than (emphasis on richer)
earn as much $ as even the king (emphasis on king)
WRONG
richer even than
earn even as much as the king
```
116
ever
more--- than ever
WRONG
more-- than / as never
117
expect+
expect the price TO fall
WRONG
price is expected for it to fall
expected that price should fall (need WILL)
118
expend--+
expend energy ON
WRONG
expend energy for
119
extent +
extent to which
WRONG
extent that
120
fact that
not the best, just use that or because
121
fault
criminals are at fault
WRONG
that the criminals broke the law is at fault
it's the fault of the criminals
122
find that+
find that + simple past, not subjunctive
123
continue+
continue to
124
create -- +
create --- to
125
decide+
decide to
126
difficult+
difficult to
127
disincline+
disinclined to
128
expected+
expected to
129
elect--+
elect him to
130
equipped+
equipped to
131
forbid -- +
forbid him to
132
object +
object to
133
persuade -+
persuade him to
134
reluctant+
reluctant to
135
from...to
from.. to
WRONG
from...down / up to
136
goal+
goal is to (verb)
137
hear +
heard that her investment had paid off (past perfect)
WRONG
heard of her investment paying off
138
help +
```
help (verb) rake
help to rake
help in raking
WRONG
help me in raking
```
139
hold that+
hold that (not subjunctive)
140
if
conditional - if costs go up, inflation can hurt (cause / effect) requires a consequence
141
provided+
provided that
142
in order to
indicates purpose
WRONG
so as to stay awake
for staying awake
143
indicate+
indicates that
| indicative of
144
influence
influenced me
WRONG
influential ON me
145
inspire
inspire me
WRONG
inspiration to / an inspiration to me (not the best)
146
+instance
for instance
WRONG
as an instance
147
instead
avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie
WRONG - instead of
use rather than
148
intent+
intent of / to
149
interact+
interact with
150
interaction+
interaction with 1 another or each other
WRONG
interaction among
interaction with themselves
151
invest+
invest in..to do something
WRONG
invest into or invest for
invest in..for something
152
know
know her to be brilliant; known to be
WRONG
know her as brilliant (instead use known as [name]!)
153
lack+
lack of, lacking in
154
less+
less than - amount
| lower than - weight
155
like
need to be clear what you're comparing
WRONG
drives fast cars like his sister does
like his sis, so he drives fast cars
156
likely
likely to, that, more likely than or more than likely
157
loss +
```
loss of (quality) ex: weight
loss in (investment / value) ex: $$
```
158
mandate+
mandate that
WRONG
mandate for
159
make
WRONG
| made possible to resist --> better to say made it possible to resist
160
mass
truck HAS 10x the mass
WRONG
truck is 10x the mass
161
means+
means to
WRONG
means for / of
162
mistaken+
mistaken me for
WRONG
mistaken me as
mistaken me to
163
more
more # increase IN*
164
most
need THE most powerful
165
NATIVE +
NATIVE TO (for animals/ plants)
native of (for people)
WRONG
friend is native in US
166
not...but
```
comparison - must be same type
did not eat (verb) but drank (verb)
not a dog (noun) but a cat (noun)
WRONG
did not eat mangoes but other fruit
```
167
once
might once have seen
WRONG
might at one time
168
only
performance is exceeded only by theirs (only modifies theirs)
WRONG
perf is only exceeded by theirs (only modifies exceeded)
169
or
i do not want A or B
WRONG
i do not want A and B
170
order that +
order that +subj
order the agency to collect (+to+infinitive)
need certain word (WRONG: order...he should/would]
171
owe+
owe $ to the gvt FOR back taxes
WRONG
owe $..................B/C OF
172
pay+
employer pays for this job
WRONG
employer pays in this job
173
persuade+
persuade to infinitive
WRONG
persuade in going
persuade that she go / should go (not subjunctive)
174
potentially
WRONG
| can potentially be (redundant)
175
privilege
used as noun: dancing privileges
WRONG
privilege to dance
176
probably
is probably as bad
may be as bad
WRONG
this IS MAYBE as bad - contradict
177
propose + or propose that+
propose that we do (subj)
propose this time
propose to meet
178
range+
range from anger to joy
range of emotions (variety)
widely ranging emotions (change overtime)
WRONG
range from anger and joy
widely ranging accomplishments (need range of accomplishments)
179
rank+
rank as
WRONG
has the rank of
180
rate+
rate for bus ticket (price)
| rate of theft (frequency)
181
rather than
w pencils rather than w pens
WRONG
w pencils INSTEAD OF WITH pens (w pencils instead of pens)
182
reason+
```
reason to do work
reason for work
WRONG
indicates a reason he is here
reason is here is bc [redundant]
```
183
rebel+
rebel against
184
recognize+, or recognize that+
recognize that no subj
recognize him to be
WRONG
recognize as or as being
185
recommend that+
recommend that subj
186
reduce
reduced prices
reduction in
WRONG
reduction of
187
refer+
refers to
WRONG
in reference to
188
regard+
regard as
189
reluctant+
reluctant to
WRONG
reluctant about
190
report that --
report that + NOT subj
191
request that --
request that he be cleared (subj)
WRONG
request him to be
192
require --+, require that +
requires time to write / in order to write
required that subj
requires of her friend that work be done
193
restriction+
restriction on
WRONG
restriction for
194
result+
result from
result in
result of
195
reveal that+
reveal that NOT subj
196
rise+
```
oil price rose
rise in price
rising price
rising of th esun
WRONG
RAISE in price
rising OF price
```
197
rule that+
ruled that not subj
WRONG
ruled the plantiff TO BE
ruled ON the plaintiff
198
same...as (for comparison)
```
looks the same to me AS to you
same time as you did
WRONG
same to me as you [need TO you]
at same time you did [need AS you did]
```
199
secure
our authority is secure
WRONG
we are secure about our authority
200
seem+
```
it seems to
it seems that [not subj]
it seems as if
WRONG
seems like, like it
```
201
should
should be taken [obligation]
WRONG
should pass every 2 hours [probability]
not part of any subjunctive phrase [demand that he should be ...]
202
show+
show that not subj
shows an obj to be strange
WRONG
shows an obj as strange (as being strange)
203
significant
significantly improved
significant improvement
WRONG
significant IN improving
204
similar
ALL companieS have similar issueS (companies, issues, both ||)
WRONG
EACH / EVERY co has similar issueS (each, every not plural)
205
since
since 1997 (up to now)
WRONG
x is the most successful AFTER 1997
206
so...as to
so hot as to burn
WRONG
such heat as to burn
so much heat as to burn
207
substitute
substituted --- for ---
WRONG
substituted -- IN PLACE OF--
208
succeed
succeeded in reaching
WRONG
succeeded to reach
209
such
I hate such subject (such is more general)
| I hate these subjects (these is specific)
210
such as
```
matt drives fast cars such as these
such cars as these
such as driving
WRONG
fast cars and the like
other cars such as these
such as by / to driving
```
211
suggest that+
suggests that + both subj and not
WRONG
is suggestive of great talent
212
surface
on the surface
WRONG
AT the surface
213
targeted
targeted at
WRONG
targeted TO
214
than
more...than
WRONG
more...as / rather than / instead of
215
think
```
thinks of them as heroes
WRONG
thought of by her as heroes
thinks of them to be heroes
thinks of them being heroes
```
216
train+
trained to
WRONG
trained for / in running
217
try+
try to build (intent / purpose)
WRONG
try and build (change meaning)
218
twice
twice as tall as
doubled
WRONG
increased by twice (just use doubled)
219
unlike
unlike the anteater, the aarfvark..
WRONG
unlike W the anteater,
220
use---
uses-- to break
uses ---as a weapon
WRONG
uses---like / to be/ for a weapon
221
variation+
variation in
WRONG
variation of / among
222
view+
view ..as (view the process as difficult)
WRONG
view...to be / like
223
way+
way of / in which / to...to
WRONG
way FOR reaching
best way is focusING [to focus]
224
weigh+
weigh less
is lighter
WRONG
weighs lighter
225
where
for location - where they grow
WRONG
incident represents a case where [use in which bc it's not a location]
226
whether
don't know whether i will go
whether or not
WRONG
don't know IF i will go [need consequence for if]
227
whether...or
whether it was tasty or not
WRONG
whether trash or ALSO treasure
228
whose / whom
officer whose task was to
WRONG
officer, the task of whom, was to
229
with
WRONG
| with only 25%, seniors get 50% (seniors are 25% not alongside the student body)
230
worry+
worry about
WRONG
worry over
