Verbs Flashcards
(84 cards)
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-go verbs
hacer(to make, to do) yo hago
poner(to put) yo pongo
valer(to be worth) yo valgo
salir(to leave) yo salgo
caer(to fall) yo caigo
raer(to scrape,rub off) yo raigo
traer(to bring) yo traigo
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-oy verbs
estar(to be) yo estoy
dar(to give) yo doy
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-zco verbs
(eg verbs ending in -vowel+-cer or -cir)
If the infinitive of the verb ends in a VOWEL followed by -cer or -cir, the yo form of the verb will end in -zco.(Exceptions:hacer(hago), decir(digo), satisfacer(satisfago)
aborrecer(to hate) yo aborrezco
agradecer(to thank) yo agradezco
aparecer(to appear) yo aparezco
complacer(to please,gratify) yo complazco
conocer(to know, to be yo conozco
acquainted with)
crecer(to grow) yo crezco
establecer(to establish) yo establezco
merecer(to deserve) yo merezco
nacer(to be born) yo nazco
obedecer(to obey) yo obedezco
ofrecer(to offer) yo ofrezco
permanecer(to remain) yo permanezco
pertenecer(to belong) yo pertenezco
yacer(to lie down) yo yazco
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-zo verbs
If the infinitive of the verb ends in a CONSONANT followed by -cer or -cir, the yo form of the verb will end in -zo. (eg -co > -zo)
ejercer(to practice, to exercise) yo ejerzo
esparcir(to scatter) yo esparzo
vencer(to conquer) yo venzo
zurcir(to mend) yo zurzo
Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
-ucir verbs (same pattern as other -vowel+cir verbs)
Replace -cir with -zco
conducir(to drive) yo conduzco deducir(to deduce) yo deduzco introducir(to introduce) yo introduzco lucir(to wear, to light up, yo luzco to display) producir(to produce) yo produzco reducir(to reduce) yo reduzco traducir(to translate) yo traduzco
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs ending in -ger or -gir
- go > -jo
Why? Because the yo form in the present tense usually ends in -o, the -go ending sounds like the English word “go”. A verb that ends in -ger or-gir must maintain a soft g sound, so the yo form will change the spelling from g to j.(e.g. -go > -jo)afligir(to afflict to grieve) yo aflijo
coger(to catch, to seize, to grab) yo cojo
colegir(e>i)(to deduce) yo colijo
corregir(e>i)(to correct) yo corrijo
dirigir(to direct) yo dirijo
elegir(e>i)(to elect) yo elijo
exigir(to demand, to require) yo exijo
fingir(to pretend) yo finjo
proteger(to protect) yo protejo
sumergir(to immerse, to submerge) yo sumerjo
surgir(to surge) yo surjo
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs/Present Tense Indicative/Yo Irregulars
Verbs ending in -guir > -go
Why? When a verb ends in -guir, the letter u is there only to maintain the hard g sound. You go not pronounce the u in the infinitive, and you should not pronounce it in any of the conjugated forms. However, when the letter u is placed between a g and an o or between a g and an a, pronunciation rules require that you say the u. Because the yo form of these verbs ends in -o, the u is dropped in the yo form to maintain the same sound as the infinitive. Verbs that behave like this include :
distinguir(to distinguish) yo distingo
extinguir(to extinguish) yo extingo
seguir(e > i)(to follow, to continue) yo sigo
Also:conseguir(to get), perseguir(to persecute, to pursue), proseguir(to continue, to proceed)
Extra Y verbs
Any verb that ends in -uir (except for those that end in -guir) adds a y before the normal endings in all forms but nosotros/Nosotras
Eg construir> yo construyo ——– ustedes construyen
Other Extra Y Verbs:
concluir (to conclude) yo concluyo,,,,,Uds.concluyen
constituir(to constitute) yo constituyo,,,,,Uds. Constituyen
contribuir(to contribute) yo contribuyo,,,,,,,,,
destruir(to destroy) yo destruyo,,,,,,,,,,,
fluir(to flow) yo fluyo,,,,,,,,,,,
huir(to run away, to flee) yo huyo,,,,,,,,
incluir(to include) yo incluyo,,,,,,
influir(to influence). yo influyo,,,,,,,
oír(to hear) (*accent on “i”)
The verb oir(to hear) is conjugated similar to construir, but oir is also a -go verb in its yo form, and has an accent on the infinitive and in the nosotros/nosotras form.
yo oígo nosotros/nosotras oímos (accent on i)
tú oyes
él oye ellos oyen
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
The stem of the verb changes and the endings are normal; even the yo form.
- It is always the stressed syllable that changes.
- basically three different types (e>ie; o>ue; e>i
- all forms of the verb will undergo a stem change except for nosotros/nosotras
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
e>ie
Example cerrar (to close)
yo cierro nosotros/nosotras cerramos
tú cierras
el cierra. Uds. cierran
e>ie stem-changers
- most common stem changer
- if a verb has two e’s in the stem, it will always be the second e that undergoes a stem change.
- nosotros/nosotras form does not undergo a stem change.
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
ar verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example cerrar (to close)
yo cierro nosotros/nosotras cerramos
tú cierras
el cierra Uds. cierran
other -ar stem changers:
acertar(e>ie) to guess, to get correct
apretar(e>ie) to tighten, to squeeze
atravesar(e>ie) to cross
cerrar(e>ie). to close
comenzar(e>ie) to begin
confesar(e>ie) to confess
despertar(e>ie) to wake up
empezar(e>ie) to begin
gobernar(e>ie) to govern
helar(e>ie) to freeze
negar(e>ie) to deny
pensar(e>ie) to think
quebrar(e>ie) to break
recomendar(e>ie) to recommend
remendar(e>ie) to patch
sentarse(e>ie) to sit down
temblar(e>ie) to tremble
tropezar(e>ie) to stumble, to bump into
encerrar(e>ie) to encloseStem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
er verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example: perder(to lose)
yo pierdo. nosotros/nosotras perdemos
tú pierdes
Ud. pierde. Uds. pierden
Other common -er verbs that undergo the e>ie stem change: ascender(e>ie) to ascend(to go up) descender(e>ie) to descend(to go down) defender(e>ie). to defend encender(e>ie) to light entender(e>ie) to understand perder(e>ie) to lose querer(e>ie) to want
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
ir verbs with e>ie stem change.
Example: mentir(to tell a lie)
yo miento nosotros/nosotras mentimos
tú mientes
ella miente. ellas mienten
Other -ir verbs with e>ie stem change:
advertir(e>ie) to advise, to warn
convertir(e>ie) to convert
hervir(e>ie) to boil
mentir(e>ie) to tell a lie
preferir(e>ie) to prefer
referir(e>ie) to refer
sentir(e>ie) to feel, to regret
consentir(e>ie) to consent
sugerir(e>ie). to suggest
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
o>ue stem-changers
The second-most common type of stem change.
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -ar verbs with o>ue stem-change
acordar(o>ue) to agree upon acostarse(o>ue) to go to bed almorzar(o>ue) to eat lunch aprobar(o>ue) to approve contar(o>ue) to count, to tell a story costar(o>ue) to cost encontrar(o>ue) to find mostrar(o>ue) to show(interchangeable with demostrar) probar(o>ue) to prove recordar(u>ue) to remember, to remind rogar(o>ue) to pray sonar(o>ue) to sound sonar(o>ue)(con) to dream tostar(o>ue) to toast volar(o>ue) to fly
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -er verbs with o>ue stem-change
Example: mover(to move)
yo muevo nosotros/nosotras movemos
tú mueves
Ud. mueve. Uds. mueven
Common - er verbs that undergo a stem change o> ue:
doler(o>ue) to ache, to hurt morder(o>ue) to bite mover(o>ue) to move poder(o>ue) to be able resolver(o>ue) to resolve soler(u>ue) to be accustomed to volver(o>ue) to return devolver(o>ue) to return an object, to give something back envolver(o>ue) to wrap up
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
Common -ir verbs with o>ue stem-change
Common -I’d verbs that stem change o>ue:
dormir(o>ue) to sleep
morir(o>ue). to die
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
u>ue stem-changers
jugar(u>ue) is the only u>ue stem-changer in the Spanish language.
jugar (to play (a sport or game)) yo juego nosotros/nosotras jugamos tú juegas Ud. juega Uds. juegan
Stem-Changing Verbs in the Present Tense
e>i stem-changers
All e>i stem-changing verbs are -ir
i.e. only -ir verbs can undergo an e>i stem change.
Example: servir(to serve)
yo sirvo. nuestro/nuestra servimos
tú sirves
Ud. sirve Uds. sirven
Common e>i stem-changing verbs:
bendecir(e>i) to bless colegir(e>i) to deduce competir(e >i) to compete corregir(e>i) to correct decir(e>i) to say, to tell despedirse(e>i) to say goodbye elegir(e>i) to elect freir(e>i) to fry gemir(e>i) to grumble, to groan maldecir(e>i) to curse medir(e>i) to measure pedir(e>i) to request reir(e>i) to laugh repetir(e>i) to repeat seguir(e>i) to follow, to continue servir(e>i) to serve sonreir(e>i) to smile vestir(e>i) to dress despedir(e>i) to fire impedir(e>i) to impede, to prevent devestir(e>i) to undress
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -car
If a verb ends in -car, change the c to qu in the yo form of the preterit.
To maintain a hard c sound(in preterit yo ending) the letter c changes to qu in the yo form. e.g. -cé > -qué in the preterit yo form for verbs that end in -car. Pronounce the ending (-qué) like the English name “Kay”. The letter u is never pronounced when it follows a q. The combination of letters qu is always pronounced like a k.
Example: practicar (to practice)
yo practiqué nosotros/nosotras practicamos
tú practicaste
Ud. practicó Uds. practicaron
Common verbs ending in -car:
aparcar(to park) yo aparqué
aplicar(to apply) yo apliqué
buscar(to seek, to look for) yo busqué
clarificar(to clarify) yo clarifiqué
colocar(to place, put) yo coloqué
comunicar(to communicate) yo comuniqué
dedicar(to dedicate) yo dediqué
destacar(to stand out) yo destaqué
educar(to educate) yo eduqué
empacar(to pack) yo empaqué
explicar(to explain) yo expliqué
fabricar(to make) yo fabriqué
indicar(to indicate) yo indiqué
justificar(to justify) yo justifiqué
marcar(to mark) yo marqué
masticar(to chew) yo mastiqué
pescar(to fish) yo pesque
publicar(to publish) yo publiqué
sacar(to take out) yo saqué
significar(to mean) yo signifiqué
tocar(to touch, to play a yo toqué
musical instrument)
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -gar
For verbs that end in -gar, in the preterit yo form: -gé > -gué.
Why? To maintain a hard g sound(in preterit yo ending) the letter g changes to gu in the yo form. e.g. -gé > -gué in the preterit yo form for verbs that end in -gar. Pronounce the ending (-gue) like the English word “gay”.
Example: cargar(to load)
yo cargué nosotros/nosotras cargamos
tú cargaste
Ud. cargó Uds. cargaron
Common verbs ending in -gar:
agregar(to add) yo agregué
apagar( to extinguish, yo apagué
to turn off)
cargar(to load) yo cargué
encargar(to put in charge, yo encargué
to entrust)
entregar(to hand in, yo intregué
to hand over)
jugar(to play a sport) yo jugué
llegar(to arrive) yo llegué
obligar(to compel, to oblige) yo obligué
pegar(to hit, to stick, to glue) yo pegué
regar(to water(a plant)) yo regué
segar(to mow(the lawn)) yo segué
tragar(to swallow) yo tragué
vagar(to wander) yo vagué
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
Verbs that end in -zar
In the preterit tense of verbs ending in -zar, the z must change to c before adding the -é in the yo form.
Why? Rule: “Whenever z is followed by e, it changes to c.”
Example: rezar(to pray)
yo recé nosotros, -as rezamos
tú rezaste
él rezó ellos rezaron
Common verbs that end in -zar:
autorizar (to authorize) yo autoricé
abrazar(to embrace, to hug) yo abracé
alcanzar(to reach). yo alcancé
almorzar(to eat lunch) yo almorcé
amenazar(to threaten) yo amenacé
avanzar(to advance) yo avancé
comenzar(to begin) yo comencé
empezar(to begin) yo empecé
gozar(to enjoy) yo gocé
lanzar(to throw) yo lancé
organizar(to organize) yo organicé
realizar(to fulfill, to realize) yo realicé
rezar(to pray) yo recé
simbolizar(to symbolize) yo simbolicé
trazar(to trace) yo tracé
tropezar(to stumble, to trip) yo tropecé
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterit Tense
i to y
A spelling change is necessary in certain forms in the preterit when the stem of the verb ends in a vowel.
If the letter i is surrounded by two other vowels, you must change the i to y.
The -er and -ir preterit endings (-ió) cause the i to change to y in the third person forms (él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, ustedes ). An accent will be added to any other i in the conjugation chart.
Verbs ending in -guir are exceptions to the above rule because of the special issue posed by the g.
Example: creer(to believe)
yo creí nosotros /nosotras creímos
tú creíste
él creyó ellos creyeron
Other verbs that have a base ending in a vowel are also conjugated like creer. Many of these verbs end in - uir.
caer(to fall)
construir(to construct, to build)
contribuir(to contribute)
creer( to believe)
destruir(to destroy)
distribuir(to distribute)
fluir(to flow)
huir(to flee, to run away)
incluir(to include)
influir(to influence)
leer(to read)
oir(to hear)
poseer(to possess)
proveer(to provide)
