Vertebrate Diversity

Question 1

What are the four characteristics of all chordates at some time in their life?

Answer 1

1. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2. notochord
3. pharyngeal slits
4. muscular post anal tail

Question 2

Do tunicates and lancelets have backbones?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

Are adult tunicates mobile?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

how are tunicate larva?

Answer 4

tadpole like

Question 5

What are lancelets?

Answer 5

small blade like marine chordates

Question 6

What do hagfish produce for defense?

Answer 6

slime

Question 7

Do hagfish have jaws?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

Do hagfish have paired fins?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

What is a lamprey?

Answer 9

a marine parasite that penetrate the sides of fish with their rasping tongues

Question 10

Do lampreys have jaws?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

What characterize jawed vertebrates?

Answer 11

gills and paired fins

Question 12

What are the examples of jawed vertebrates?

Answer 12

Chondrichthyans (sharks), ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes

Question 13

Where are jaws suggested to have evolved from?

Answer 13

pharyngeal (gill) slits

Question 14

What are examples of chondrichthyans?

Answer 14

sharks, rays and skates

Question 15

What are examples of ray-finned fishes?

Answer 15

tuna, trout, goldfish

Question 16

What are examples of lobe-finned fishes?

Answer 16

lungfish and coelecanths

Question 17

Skates

Answer 17

-egg bearing (oviparous)
-dorsal fin
-tail with thorny projection
-smaller then rays

Question 18

Rays

Answer 18

-live bearing (viviparous)
-dorsal fin absent or reduced
-larger, spines on tail

Question 19

Sharks

Answer 19

-streamline swimmers
-short digestive tract
-acute senses (sight and smell)

Question 20

How are sharks digestive tracts?

Answer 20

shorts with a spiral valve

Question 21

What is the function of the cloaca in sharks?

Answer 21

the reproductive, excretory, and digestive tract empty into it

Question 22

Do ray-finned fishes have a skeleton made of bone?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

Osteichthyes

Answer 23

-known as bony fishes
-breathe by drawing water over gills
-have a swim bladder
-lateral line system
-most oviparous (eggs outside of body)

Question 24

What is the function of a swim bladder?

Answer 24

buoyancy

Question 25

Actinopterygii

Answer 25

-known as ray finned fishes -webs of skin supported by bony spines -fins supported by long, flexible rays

Question 26

Sarcopterygii

Answer 26

-known as lobe-finned fishes -fleshy fin jointed to the body by a single bone -have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins for swimming

Question 27

What was the first tetrapod to colonize land?

Answer 27

amphibians

Question 28

Examples of amphibians

Answer 28

salamanders, frogs, caecilians

Question 29

Why do amphibians have moist skin?

Answer 29

to supplement their lungs for gas exchange

Question 30

Where do amphibians usually lay eggs?

Answer 30

in the water

Question 31

What is the process called that amphibians undergo to go from larval stage to adult?

Answer 31

metamorphosis

Question 32

What is the class frogs are in?

Answer 32

anura

Question 33

What is the class salamanders are in?

Answer 33

Urodela

Question 34

What is the class caecilians are in?

Answer 34

apoda

Question 35

What does amphibian mean?

Answer 35

both ways of life

Question 36

Anura (frogs)

Answer 36

-lack tails -powerful hind legs for locomotion -eggs require a moist environment

Question 37

Apoda (caecilians)

Answer 37

-legless -nearly blind -resemble earthworms

Question 38

What phylums are amniotes?

Answer 38

reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 39

How many membranes does the amniotic egg have?

Answer 39

4

Question 40

What is the amnion in the amniotic egg?

Answer 40

fluid filled sac surrounding the embryo

Question 41

What is the yolk sac in the amniotic egg?

Answer 41

contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

Question 42

What is the chorion in the amniotic egg?

Answer 42

enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide

Question 43

What is the allantois in the amniotic egg?

Answer 43

helos dispose of metabolic waste

Question 44

What are reptiles scales made of?

Answer 44

keratin

Question 45

Crocodiles

Answer 45

-longer, more V shaped head then alligators -more aggressive than alligators -better adapted for salt water

Question 46

Squamates

Answer 46

-lizards and snakes -most numerous and diverse reptiles

Question 47

Squamates: Lizards

Answer 47

-legs -moveable eyelids -external ear openings

Question 48

Squamates: Snakes

Answer 48

-legless -carnivorous -heat sensing organs -venom

Question 48

Squamates: Snakes

Answer 48

-legless -carnivorous -heat sensing organs -venom

Question 49

Label each line

Answer 49

Question 50

Lepidosaurs

Answer 50

-reptiles -one surviving lineage in New Zealand -threatened by rats that eat their eggs

Question 51

Where did birds evolve from?

Answer 51

small, two legged dinosaurs called theropods

Question 52

What were early feathers in birds for?

Answer 52

insulation and courtship display

Question 53

Clade Aves

Answer 53

-birds -wings with keratin feathers -lack a bladder and teeth -small gonads

Question 54

How many ovaries do females in the aves clade have?

Answer 54

one

Question 55

What clade are the flightless birds?

Answer 55

neornithes (living birds)

Question 56

Mammalia

Answer 56

-mammary glands -hair or fur -larger brains -differentiated teeth

Question 57

Monotremes

Answer 57

-egg laying mammals -no nipples

Question 58

Examples of Monotremes

Answer 58

spiny anteater and platypus

Question 59

Marsupials

Answer 59

-very brief gestation then completes development in a maternal pouch -attach to nipples in the mothers pouch

Question 60

Examples of Marsupials

Answer 60

opossums, kangaroos, sugar gliders, koalas

Question 61

Eutherian

Answer 61

-more complex placenta -complete embryonic development within a uterus jointed to the mother by the placenta

Question 62

Eutherians: Primates

Answer 62

-most have hands and feet with flat nails -large brain and short jaws -forward looking eyes -complex social behavior

Question 63

What do primates forward looking eyes provide for them?

Answer 63

depth perception

Question 64

How do monkeys and apes differ?

Answer 64

monkeys have tails apes do not, monkeys are smaller

Question 65

Anthropoids

Answer 65

-monkeys and apes

Question 65

Anthropoids

Answer 65

-monkeys and apes

Question 66

Old world monkeys

Answer 66

-many arboreal but some ground dwelling -nostrils open downward -lack tail

Question 67

New world monkeys

Answer 67

-all arboreal -nostrils open to the side -many have long tails