Vertebrate Final Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Lancelets
A
Subphylum Cephalochordata < Chordata
2
Q
Tunicates
A
Subphylum Urochordata < Chordata
3
Q
Hagfishes
A
Class Myxini < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata
4
Q
Lampreys
A
Class Petromyzontida < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata
5
Q
Cartilagionous Fishes
A
Class Chondrichthyes < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata
6
Q
Sharks, skates, rays
A
Subclass Elasmobranchii < Class Chondrichthyes < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata
7
Q
Ray-finned fishes
A
Class Actinopterygii < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata
8
Q
Minnows
A
Family Cyprinidae < Order Cypriniformes < Class Actinopterygii
9
Q
Suckers
A
Order Cypriniformes < Class Actinopterygii
10
Q
North American catfish
A
Family Ictaluridae < Order Siluriformes < Class Actinopterygii
11
Q
Salmon, trout, whitefish
A
Family Salmonidae < Order Salmoniformes < Class Actinopterygii
12
Q
Sunfish and Bass
A
Family Centrarchidae < Order Perciformes < Class Actinopterygii
13
Q
Perch and Darters
A
Family Percidae < Order Perciformes < Class Actinopterygii
14
Q
Coelacanths
A
Class Actinopterygii
15
Q
Lungfishes
A
Class Dipnoi
16
Q
Lungless salamanders
A
Family Plethodontidae < Order Urodela < Class Amphibia
17
Q
True Frogs
A
Family Ranidae < Order Anura < Class Amphibia
18
Q
True Toads
A
Family Bufonidae < Order Anura < Class Amphibia
19
Q
Caecillians
A
Order Gymnophiona < Class Amphibia
20
Q
Crocodiles and Alligators
A
Order Crocodillia < Class Reptilia
21
Q
Lizards and Snakes
A
Order Squamata < Class Reptilia
22
Q
Vipers and Pit vipers
A
Family Viperidae < Order Squamata < Class Reptilia
23
Q
Harmless Snakes
A
Family Colubridae < Order Squamata < Class Reptilia
24
Q
Turtles and Tortoises
A
Order Testudinata < Class Reptilia
25
Eagles, Hawks, Vultures, and others
Order Accipitriformes < Class Aves
26
Perching Birds
Order Passeriformes < Class Aves
27
Egg-laying mammals
Subclass Prototheria < Class Mammalia
28
Marsupial mammals
Infraclass Metatheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
29
Placental mammals
Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
30
Shrews, moles, and others
Order Insectivora < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
31
Primates
Order Primates < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
32
Dogs, Bears, Wolves, skunks, raccoons, weasels, cats
Order Carnivora < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
33
Rats, mice, voles, squirrels, woodchucks
Order Rodentia < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
34
Even-toed hoofed mammals
Order Ariodactyla < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia
35
Ungulate
Use the tips of their hoofed toes to sustain their whole body weight while moving
36
Four Key "Shared Derived" Chordate Traits
1. Notochord
2. Postanal tail
3. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
4. Pharyngeal slits
37
Anatomy of Cephalochords
Retain all 4 chordate characteristics through life
| --Notochord extends length of body
38
Habitats of Cephalochords
Live on sandy bottoms of coastal waters
| Filter feeders
39
Anatomy of Urochordata
Nonliving tunic with cellulose
Most adults lose chordate characteristics during metamorphosis: Notochord and tail disappear, Dorsal nerve cord is reduced to single ganglion, and Pharyngeal slits remain.
40
Traits of Agnathans (hagfish and lampreys)
```
No jaws
No paired fins
No internal ossification
No scales
Cartilaginous skeletons
Eel-like body
Gills
```
41
Traits of Myxini
```
Non-vertebrates
Create slime
No scales
6 Tactile barbels
Keratinized dental plate
Isotonic
```
42
Habits of Myxini
Worldwide distribution, marine (on continental shelves)
Some in burrows
Some in colonies
43
Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying species
44
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or a taxonomic group
45
Systematics
The study of the naming and classifying organisms within an evolutionary framework
46
Cladistics
A method of classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships
47
Unique Event
A change in character state that occurred just once in a single species
48
Reversal
When a derived character state reverses back to something resembling the primitive condition
49
Convergence
When a derived state arises more than once independently
50
Homologous characters
Similar traits whose similarity is due to evolving from a common ancestral trait
51
Analogous characters
Similar traits whose similarity is due to convergent evolution. In other words, the characteristic evolved independently
52
Convergent evolution
Independent evolution of similar traits
53
Outgroup
A species or taxon that diverged from the "ingroup"
54
Deuterostomes
Cleavage: Radical and indeterminate
Coelom formation: Enterocoelous- folds archenteron form coelom
Fate of blastopore: Anus develops from blastopore
55
Dispersal
Movement of an animal from its birthplace to where it reproduces
- Significance: Promotes outbreeding; Leads to extension of a range or the reinvasion of a former range; Reduces intraspecific comptition
- Density-Dependent or Innate
56
Invasion
A type of dispersal that involves movement into a region not previously occupied by the species
57
Atlantic Green Turtle Migration
Nesting populations of Ascension Island (East of Brazil) (< 20km in diameter)
After depositing eggs, females return to warm shallow waters off the Coast of Brazil. They will feed for several years and then return to the beach to lay another clutch of eggs.
The navigation mechanism is unknown and may involve a variety of mechanisms including an ability to detect the magnetic field of the Earth, to perceive polarized light, to use the sun and stars for orientation, and to hear low frequency sounds.
58
Four types of migrations
Short Distance Migration: Ambystomatid salamanders from hibernacula to breeding pond
Altitudinal Migrations: Elk in western mountains spend the winters high on the mountains, but migrate to the valleys during the winter
Long-Distance Migrations: Birds, most breed in the more northern latitudes. (ex. Arctic Tern)
59
Reasons for Migration
- Lack of food in winter
- Avoid energetic costs of a cold winter
- Breed in high latitudes to take advantage of the long days that can provide more time to forage
- Competition
60
Circadian (diurnal) clock
An innate daily clock
61
Circannual clock
Measures innate annual rhythms
62
Map Sense
ability in many migratory animals to know precisely where they are even when in an area for the first time
63
Homing
An innate ability to return to a home after foraging, migrating, or some form of displacement
64
Life History Traits
All traits that affect an organism's survival and reproducation
65
Density-Dependent Factors of Population Size
Competition, Territoriality, Disease, Predation, Build-up of waste, Intrinsic factors
66
Home Range
An area where an animal spends most of its time in its normal activities of gathering food, mating, and caring for young
- -May overlap within a species
- -Usually marked by pheromones, urine, or excrement
67
Territory
The portion of a home range that is defended, usually from other members of the species
68
"Dear Enemy" Recognition
The ability to recognize territorial neighbors has been called “dear enemy” recognition and may be advantageous since it minimizes time and energy spent on territorial defense and on the risk of injury
69
Density-independent Factors of Population Size
Factors that limit population size regardless of density of population
-Associated with natural disasters or climate
70
Cambrian
540 : Earliest Chordate fossils
Causes: Changes in predator-prey relationship; increased levels of O2; Origin of Hox genes
--Most basal Chordate: Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
71
Ordovician
490
72
Silurian
445
73
Devonian
415 Age of Fishes
74
Carboniferous
360 Origin of the Tetrapods, Age of Amphibians
--Came from Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
75
Permian
300
76
Triassic
250
77
Jurassic
200
78
Cretaceous
145
79
Amnion
Protects, cushions embryo in fluid
| --Develops as an outgrowth of the body wally
80
Allantois
Storage of metabolic wastes
| -Develops as an outgrowth off the hindgut
81
Chorion
Chorion & Allantois are involved in gas exchange between the embryo and the air
- Develops as an outgrowth of the body wall
- Completely envelops the other membranes
82
Yolk Sac
Contains the yolk, which composed of nutrients for the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen. By the end of development, the yolk sac is absorbed.
-Note that this is not a new development since fishes also have a yolk sac
83
Biogeography
Study of the distribution of organisms: Species or higher taxonomic groupings
--Investigates current distributions and tries to determine how they came about
84
Zoogeography
focuses only on animals
| -A biogeography
85
Geologic Range
a taxon's past and present distribution
86
Geographic Range
the specific land or water area where the taxon is found
87
Ecological distribution
The biotic communities in which the taxon is found
88
Physical barriers of Dispersal
Land, freshwater, saltwater, elevation, topography
89
Psychological barriers of Dispersal
Structure that are not crossed even though the physical means exists
--Roads for some small mammals, Open spaces for some neotropical birds
90
Climate Barriers of Dispersal
Temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunlight
91
Biological Barriers
Availability of food, presence of predators, competitors
92
Human Influences of Dispersal
Introductions, Extinctions promoted or caused directly by humans, influences on the environment
93
Lithosphere
crust & outer
- "tectonic plates"
- Continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates
94
Mammals in S. America before the Great American Interchange
1. Edentates (placentals): sloths, armadillos, and anteaters
2. Rodents & new world primates
3. Recent Colonizers
95
Species that entered N. America during GAI
American Opossum, Armadillo, Porcupine
96
Species that entered S. America during GAI
Skunk, Puma, Horse, Bear, Deer
97
Bearing Strait Exchange
```
To N. America:
Mammoths & Mastadons
Caribou
Bison
Moose
Elk
Bear
To S. America:
Camel & Horse
```
98
Description of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
```
No jaws
No paired fins
No scales
Fibrous, cartilaginous skeletons
Notochord remains in adult
Eel-like body
Respire with gills
Vertebral Column
Suckerlike oral disc
Mouth w/ tongue, keratinized teeth on disc and tongue
7 pr of gills and gill slits
1-2 dorsal fins
Well-developed eyes
```
99
Anadromous
Give birth in fresh water, live in marine
100
Semelparous
Mate once per life-time
101
Adaptations of Shark Vision
Rod-rich retina
Guanine crystals, act like mirrors to increase the light's likelihood of being absorbed
Nictitating membrane, protective cover over eyes
102
Ampullae of Lorenzini
An Electroreceptor System, Detects tiny electrical fields created by muscular movement
