Senior Comps Flashcards
1
Q
What is an animal?
A
a multicellular heterotroph that utilizes ingestion
- -Eukaryotes that lack cell wall (utilize collagen)
- -Most have muscle and nerve cells
2
Q
What is an animal?
A
a multicellular heterotroph that utilizes ingestion
- -Eukaryotes that lack cell wall (utilize collagen)
- -Most have muscle and nerve cells
3
Q
Fertilization
A
flagellated sperm joins with the egg to form a diploid zygote
4
Q
Cleavage
A
a series of mitotic cell division
5
Q
Blastula
A
after a number of divisions, a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, develops forming a hollow ball of cells know as the blastula
6
Q
Gastrulation
A
rearrangement of the cells occur in preparation for tissue formation. The archenteron, blastopore and germ layers develop. Known as the gastrula.
7
Q
Organogenesis
A
the movement of cells and tissues to form organs
8
Q
Hox genes
A
uniting genes that all animals share which govern development
9
Q
Cytoplasmic determinants
A
molecules contained in the egg that regulate expression of developmental cells
10
Q
Fertilization
A
flagellated sperm joins with the egg to form a diploid zygote
11
Q
Cleavage
A
a series of mitotic cell division
12
Q
Blastula
A
after a number of divisions, a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, develops forming a hollow ball of cells know as the blastula
13
Q
Gastrulation
A
rearrangement of the cells occur in preparation for tissue formation. The archenteron, blastopore and germ layers develop. Known as the gastrula.
14
Q
Organogenesis
A
the movement of cells and tissues to form organs
15
Q
Hox genes
A
uniting genes that all animals share which govern development
16
Q
Cytoplasmic determinants
A
molecules contained in the egg that regulate expression of developmental cells
17
Q
Cell differentiation
A
the divergence of cells to their specialized roles
18
Q
Morphogenesis
A
the development of body shape and organization
19
Q
Metamorphosis
A
the transition from a distinct larval stage to adult
20
Q
Diploblastic
A
Two tissue layers: ectoderm & endoderm
21
Q
Triploblastic
A
Three tissue layers: ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm
22
Q
Coelom
A
is a fluid-filled body cavity between the intestines and the body wall, lined with mesodermal epithelium
23
Q
Coelomates
A
organism with a coelom
24
Q
Pseudocoelomates
A
organisms with a false coelom, only partially mesodermal
25
Acoelomate
An animal that lacks a coelom
26
Protostome
organism with spiral cleavage (determinate)
- mesoderm splits and forms coelom
- blastopore forms mouth
27
Deuterostome
organism with radial cleavage (indeterminate)
- Coelom buds from the archenteron
- blastopore forms anus
28
Calcarea and Silicea
- Invertebrates: Sponges
| - Sessile, lack true tissues, suspension feeders - choanocytes
29
Cnidaria
- Invertebrates: Eumetazoans; corals, jellies, hydras
- Diploblastic
- Radial symmetry
- One opening to gastrovascular cavity
- Polyp or medusa forms
- Specialized stinging cells
30
Lopotrochozoa
- Invertebrates:
- -Plathyelminthes (flatworms); Rotifers; Ectoprocts; Brachiopods; Molluscs; Annelids
- Bilateria
31
Plathyelminthes
A lopotrochozoan
Flatworms
Bilateral, no body cavity, CNS and sensory organs, acoelomates
32
Rotifers
A lopotrochozoan
| small, wheel like mouth, alimentary canal, pseudocoelomates
33
Ectoprocts
A lopotrochozoan
| sessile, exoskeleton
34
Brachiopods
A lopotrochozoan
| marine, hinged dorsal ventral with a stalk
35
Molluscs
A lopotrochozoan
soft bodied, coelomates with foot, visceral mass and mantle, most have hard shell
-Chitons, gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods
36
Annelids
A lopotrochozoan
| segmented worms, coelomates, need moist environment, digestive tract is unsegmented
37
Ecdysozoa
Nemotodes and Arthropods
| -Molt - shedding of the cuticle
38
Nemotodes
Ecdysozoans
- Roundworms
- Cylindrical, tough cuticle coating the body
39
Arthropods
Ecdysozoans
- Majority of known animal species
- Crustaceans, arachnids, and other arthropods
- Segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages
40
Echinodermata
- Start of deuterostomes
- Water vascular system with tube feet
- Larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults with five-part body organization
- Often have spiny exoskeleton
- Includes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
41
Chordates
Four uniting characteristics: Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Post anal tail
42
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
- Retain chordate characteristics
- Bottom dwelling marine
- filter feed, water moves to atrium then out through atriopore
43
Urochordata
Tunicates
- Filter feeds using incurrent siphon, atrium and excurrent siphon
- Losses most chordate characteristics except pharyngeal slits
44
Myxini
Hagfishes
- Carliaginous skull - craniates
- Notochord persists
- Produce slime
- Tie selves in knots
45
Petromyzontida
Lampreys
- Have vertebral column - start vertebrates
- Notochord persists
- 7 pairs of gills, one nostril opening, lateral line with neuromast organs
46
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays, and chimeras)
- Development of jaws
- Skeleton may have some hardening
- Placcoid scales
- No swim bladder
- Internal fertilization
47
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes
- Addition of lungs or lung derivatives
- Ossified endoskeleton
- Utilize swim bladder
- Maneuverable fins are supported by boney rays
48
Actinistia
Coelacanths
- Rise of the lobed-fins
- Use lobed-fins to "walk"
49
Dipnoi
Lungfishes
- Also have lobed-fins
- Use both lungs and gills
- Freshwater
50
Amphibia
- Start of the Tetrapods (two sets of paired limbs with digits)
- Breath through moist skin
- Can live on land if close to water
- Frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
51
Reptilia
- Start of Amniotes
- Scales
- Internal fertilization
- Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, aves (w/ modified scales and endothermic)
52
Mammalia
-Shared derived characteristics are hair and mammary glands
53
Dehydration synthesis
connecting monomers with the help of enzymes
54
Hydrolysis
the splitting of a polymer by adding water to a covalent bond
55
Cellular Respiration Formula
Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
56
glycosidic linkage
Formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides by dehydration synthesis
57
Saturated
- a solid
| - single bond
58
Unsaturated
- an oil
| - double bond
59
Pyrimidines
- one ring bases
| - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (only in RNA)
60
Purines
- two ring bases
- Adenine
- Guanine
61
List the 10 Organ Systems
1. Endocrine
2. Nervous
3. Musculoskeletal
4. Cardiovascular
5. Respiratory
6. Urinary
7. Gastrointestinal
8. Reproductive
9. Immune
10. Integumentary
62
Job of primary endocrine organs
secrete hormones
63
Hypothalamus
releases hormones that regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
64
Secretions of the Pituitary gland
- Anterior: Growth hormone (GH); Prolactin; Luteinizing hormone (LH); Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Posterior: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Oxytocin
65
Secondary endocrine organs
Secrete hormones as a secondary function
- Heart (ANP)
- liver (insulin like growth factors)
- stomach
- small intestine
- kidney (erythropoietin)
- skin
66
Two Adrenal Glands
1. Adrenal cortex: secretes steroids
| 2. Medulla Oblongate: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine
67
Three components of a spinal cord
a. neurons and glial cells (supporting)
b. white matter: myelinated axons
c. gray matter: synaptic communication and neural integration
68
Three components of the brain
a. forebrain: cerebrum- cerebral cortex, motor control and sensory perception
b. Diencephalon: thalamus- relay center; hypothalamus-releases tropic hormones
c. Cerebellum: motor coordination and balance
d. Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
69
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
-motor and sensory divisions
70
Musculoskeletal system (5 parts)
serves as support and protections for other organs in the body
1. skeletal muscle
2. tendon
3. bone
4. ligaments
5. cartilage
71
Cardiovascular system (3 parts)
1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels
3. Blood
72
Respiratory System
1. Internal respiration
| 2. External respiration
73
Pathway through respiratory tract
nose or mouth> pharynx> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli
74
Urinary System
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
75
Functions of the kidney
```
regulate plasma ion concentration
regulate plasma volume
regulate plasma pH
removes waste
makes and secrets erythropoeitin
secretes renin
activates vitamin D3
gluconeogenesis; synthesis of new glucose
```
76
Gastrointestinal System
Digestion, Absorption, Secretion
77
Digestion (carbs, protein, fats)
Carbs: mouth (salivary amylase)
Protein: stomach (pepsin)
Fats: lipases
78
Immune System
1. Leukocytes: Pharocytes & Lymphocytes (B and T helper)
| 2. Lymph Tissue
79
Purpose of Integumentary System
-protects internal tissues and organs
-protects from dehydration
-protects against invasion from infectious organisms
-maintains homeostasis
(Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)
80
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
```
Bacteria and Archaea
Unicellular
Lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
Ribosomes for protein production
Cell wall
Asexual reproduction (Binary fission)
```
81
Genetic Recombination
the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles
82
Transformation (genetic)
the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding and taken up through cell membrane
83
Transduction (genetic)
the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
84
Bacterial conjugation
the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells
85
Photoautotroph
An organism that derives its energy for food synthesis from light and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon
86
Chemoautotroph
An organism that obtains it nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic compounds
87
Photoheterotroph
An organism that depends on light for most of its energy and principally on organic compounds for its carbon
88
Chemoheterotroph
An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
89
Symbiosis (2 types)
the close interactions between two or more species
1. Mutualism: both benefit
2. Commensalism: one benefits, the other is unaffected
90
Parasitism
interactions between two species where one benefits at the expense of the other
91
Archaea
Prokaryotes including: Extremophiles, Halophiles, Thermophiles, Methanogens, Nanoarchaeota
92
Exotoxins
Secreted by Bacteria
Very potent
heat-sensitive
Immunogenic (Vaccines)
93
Endotoxins
Contained within bacteria (Lipopolysaccharides)
larger amounts
Heat-resistant
Weakly immunogenic
94
Gram-negative bacteria
Stain pink
Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall layer does not retain crystal violet dye.
Many are pathogenic, others are nitrogen-fixers
Endotoxic
95
Gram-positive bacteria
Stain purple
Thicker peptidoglycan cell wall layer retains crystal violet dye.
Exotoxic
96
Viral reproduction
Attach to host cell, reprogram host cell, copy viral nucleic acid, manufacture viral proteins, assemble viral components, lyse host cell, release new viruses (NOT ALL EXACT)
97
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic- Decomposers
Asexual reproduction (budding, or filaments and spores)
Includes yeasts and molds
98
Protists
Eukaryotes w/ contractile vacuoles
| Diverse Group: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, mixotrophs
99
Plant Vascular Tissue
Transport of material
- Xylem: water
- Phloem: food
100
Plant Dermal Tissue
Protection
- Epidermis
- Cuticle
101
Plant Ground Tissue
Photosynthesis, storage, and support
102
Parenchyma Cells
Plant cells that control metabolic function (photosynthesis), thin cell walls
103
Collenchyma Cells
plant support cells, primary thick uneven cell walls
104
Sclerenchyma Cells
plant support cells, secondary cells walls (lignin), functionally dead at maturity (ex. bark)
105
Xylem
Transpiration drives cohesion and adhesion of water from the roots to the shoots.
Cohesion and adhesion allows water molecules to stick both to the cell walls of plant cells to other water molecules helping with transpirational forces.
106
Phloem
Translocation pushes sap through the sieve tube to sink cells of roots.
The diffusion of water and sugar creates a pressure gradient that pushes water and sap down the sieve tube to the sugar sink in root cells. Transpirational forces then recycle water by pulling it back up to the shoots.
107
Plant Control of Transpiration
Stomata cells open through turgor pressure to reduce water loss and facilitate gas exchange
- When cells are turgid the guard cells open the stomata
- Expelling the water causes the guard cells to become flaccid and closes the stomata cells
- K+ ions also play a role in the guard cells. The accumulation of K+ ions causes them to take up water opening the stomata cells
108
Meristems (plant)
regions of unspecialized cells for different types of growth
109
Primary Growth (plant)
elongation controlled by apical meristems
110
Secondary growth (plant)
thickening of outer cells found only in woody plants and controlled by lateral meristems
- Vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem each year, while the cork cambium produces new periderm which forms the bark
- Monocots cannot do this.
111
Alternation of generations
Plants spend half of their life cycle as a multicellular 1n stage called gametophyte generation and the second half as a multicellular 2n stage called the sporophyte generation
- -Spores are produced by meiosis (via sporangia) and develop into either a bisexual gametophyte or two separate male and female gametophytes
- -Gametes are developed through mitosis and through fertilization form a zygote which develops into the sporophyte through mitosis
112
Bryophytes
Seedless non-vascular plants
- Dominant gametophyte generation
- Flagellated sperm- still depend on water for fertilization
- Spores are wind dispersed from sporangia- allows them to spread farther
- Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses
113
Pteridophytes
Seedless Vascular plants
- Sporophyte dominant
- megaphylls and microphylls evolved to leaves - greater photosynthetic capcit
- -Strobilli- a collection of sporophylls (spore producing leaves) which allows for greater dispersal of spores
- Heterospory- Gametophyte is no longer homosporous (bisexual) which allows for greater genetic diversity
- Club mosses, Horsetails, and Ferns
114
Gymnosperms
Vascular seed plants
- Further reduced gametophytes- now nourishes the growing sporophyte generation
- True seeds make dispersal easier- outer seed coat protects the growing sporophyte from desiccation
- Double Fertilization- a process by which both the egg and polar nuclei are fertilized by sperm. The polar nuclei develops into a 3n sperm nuclei which will nourish the developing zygote
115
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
- Most diverse and abundant plants on earth
- Flowers are highly efficient reproduction structures containing boy Stamen (male) and Carpel (female) sections. Petals (modified leaves) help attract pollinators which will spread pollen (sperm) to another plant increasing genetic diversity.
- Fruit helps in dispersal of seeds- A thickened ovary layer contains a high amount of carbohydrates which is enticing to animals which will eat the fruit and then disperse seed.
116
Population
A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
116
Population
A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
117
Migration
the traveling of long distances in search of a new habitat
117
Migration
the traveling of long distances in search of a new habitat
118
Circadian Rhythms
a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria
118
Circadian Rhythms
a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria
119
Circannual Rhythms
a one year cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, despite environmental cues
119
Circannual Rhythms
a one year cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, despite environmental cues
120
Learning
Modification of behavior based on experience
120
Learning
Modification of behavior based on experience
121
5 Examples of Learned Behavior
1. Imprinting
2. Spatial learning
3. Associative Learning
4. Cognitive and Problem Solving
5. Social Learning
121
5 Examples of Learned Behavior
1. Imprinting
2. Spatial learning
3. Associative Learning
4. Cognitive and Problem Solving
5. Social Learning
122
Costs and benefits of foraging
Benefits 1. Calories 2. Essential nutrients
| Costs 1. Risk of predation 2. Energy spent capturing/ handling food 3. Energy spent digesting food
122
Costs and benefits of foraging
Benefits 1. Calories 2. Essential nutrients
| Costs 1. Risk of predation 2. Energy spent capturing/ handling food 3. Energy spent digesting food
123
Polygamy
Having multiple mates
123
Polygamy
Having multiple mates
124
Polyandry
one female, multiple males
124
Polyandry
one female, multiple males
125
Polygyny
one male, multiple females
125
Polygyny
one male, multiple females
126
Determining the Growth Rate
"r"= per capita growth rate = birth - death
| Rmax : intrinsic rate of growth
126
Determining the Growth Rate
"r"= per capita growth rate = birth - death
| Rmax : intrinsic rate of growth
127
Biotic Potential
The reproductive potential of a population under ideal conditions, limited only by intrinsic factors
127
Biotic Potential
The reproductive potential of a population under ideal conditions, limited only by intrinsic factors
128
Determining Factors of Biotic Potential
```
Age when first capable of reproduction
Time between reproductive events
Number of offspring/ reproductive effort
Length of the reproductive life
Survival of the young
```
128
Determining Factors of Biotic Potential
```
Age when first capable of reproduction
Time between reproductive events
Number of offspring/ reproductive effort
Length of the reproductive life
Survival of the young
```
129
Factors that Regulate Population Growth
1. Density Dependent Factors: Disease, Predation, Intrinsic Factors, Build of Toxic Waste, Frequency of Reproductions
2. Density Independent Factors: Natural disasters
129
Factors that Regulate Population Growth
1. Density Dependent Factors: Disease, Predation, Intrinsic Factors, Build of Toxic Waste, Frequency of Reproductions
2. Density Independent Factors: Natural disasters
130
Semelparity
"Big Bang Production" followed by death
130
Semelparity
"Big Bang Production" followed by death
131
Iteroparity
Repeated reproduction
131
Iteroparity
Repeated reproduction
132
K-selection
density-dependent selection for traits that increase fitness at high density
Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at high densities in stable environment
132
K-selection
density-dependent selection for traits that increase fitness at high density
Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at high densities in stable environment
133
R-selection
Selection for traits that maximize r (growth rate)
| Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at low densities in unpredictable environments
133
R-selection
Selection for traits that maximize r (growth rate)
| Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at low densities in unpredictable environments
134
Community
A group of organisms or populations living within the same area and interacting with each other
134
Community
A group of organisms or populations living within the same area and interacting with each other
135
Intraspecific Interactions
interactions involving individuals of the same species
135
Intraspecific Interactions
interactions involving individuals of the same species
136
interspecific Interactions
interactions involving individuals of different species
136
interspecific Interactions
interactions involving individuals of different species
137
The Island Equilibrium Model
Theory: Number of species of any taxon established on an island represents an equilibrium between immigration and extinction
137
The Island Equilibrium Model
Theory: Number of species of any taxon established on an island represents an equilibrium between immigration and extinction
138
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of the environment
138
Ecosystem
A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of the environment
139
Productivity
Rate at which energy and matter are incorporated into the body of an organism
139
Productivity
Rate at which energy and matter are incorporated into the body of an organism
140
Primary Productivity
Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by the autotrophs of an ecosystem in a given period of times
Convert only 1-2% of sunlight energy to primary productivity
140
Primary Productivity
Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by the autotrophs of an ecosystem in a given period of times
Convert only 1-2% of sunlight energy to primary productivity
141
Secondary Productivity
The amount of chemical energy taken in by a consumer that is converted to biomass during a given period of time
141
Secondary Productivity
The amount of chemical energy taken in by a consumer that is converted to biomass during a given period of time
142
Trophic efficiencies
Production efficiencies for entire trophic levels
Expressed energetically
Generally around 10%
142
Trophic efficiencies
Production efficiencies for entire trophic levels
Expressed energetically
Generally around 10%
143
Two Basic Types of Biogeochemical Cycles
1. Global/Gaseous: main "pools" are the atmosphere and the ocean (short term global circulation) (ex. Carbon Cycle)
2. Local/Sedimentary: main "pools" are the soil and the rocks
Tend to circulate on a more local scale (General model of nutrient cycle)
143
Two Basic Types of Biogeochemical Cycles
1. Global/Gaseous: main "pools" are the atmosphere and the ocean (short term global circulation) (ex. Carbon Cycle)
2. Local/Sedimentary: main "pools" are the soil and the rocks
Tend to circulate on a more local scale (General model of nutrient cycle)
144
Decomposition
Process where saprophytic fungi and prokaryotes convert nonliving organic matter in inorganic form
144
Decomposition
Process where saprophytic fungi and prokaryotes convert nonliving organic matter in inorganic form
