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Vertebrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five groups of Chordates

A

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

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2
Q

Can invertebrates be choradtes?

A

yes

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3
Q

What are characteristics of chordates (8)

A

-bilateral symmetry
-eucoelomates
-deuterostome
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits
-post-anal tail
-endostyle (thyroid gland)

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4
Q

what is an eucoelomate?

A

an animal that has a true body cavity (coelom), surrounds the gut and contains organs

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5
Q

what is the notochord?

A

flexible and rod shaped, it turns into the spine, provides structural support and is elastic

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6
Q

what is the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A

becomes the central nervous system (CNS), behind the notochord. “power cord for brain”

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7
Q

what are pharyngeal slits used for in aquatic vs terrestrial chordates?

A

aquatic: gills for breathing
terrestrial: turn into ears, tonsils, and thymus

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8
Q

what is a post-anal tail?

A

tail that goes past the ass…

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9
Q

what is endostyle?

A

tissue found in the pharyngeal slits that helps with feeding and mucus secretion (develops into the thyroid gland)

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10
Q

what are two groups of invertebrate chordates?

A

cephalochordata and urochordata

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11
Q

Cephalochordata common name?

A

lancelets

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12
Q

Urochordata common name?

A

tunicates

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13
Q

Characteristics of Lancelets? (3)

A

-suspension feeders
-gas exchange via skin
-external fertilization

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14
Q

Characteristics of Tunicates (4)

A

-mostly hermaphtoditic (both sexual parts)
-“tadpole” like larvae that swim around
-head attaches to surface for adult life
-can be colonial or solitary

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15
Q

what groups are in the subphylum vertebrata? (6)

A

-agnatha
-gnathostomes
-amphibia
-reptilia
-aves
-mammalia

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16
Q

Gnath=?

A

Jaw

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17
Q

Agnatha common name?

A

Jawless fish

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18
Q

Jawless fish characteristics? (3)

A

-earliest vertebrates
-distinct cranium (skull shape)
-complex sensing organs

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19
Q

Two types of Jawless Fish?

A

Hagfish (myxini) and Lamprey (petromyzontidae)

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20
Q

Characteristics of hagfish?

A

eel like scavenger

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21
Q

Characteristics of lamprey? (4)

A

-dorsal fins
-parasitic stage of life
-adults reproduce and die
-only reproduce in freshwater

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22
Q

Two types of Gnathostomes?

A

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

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23
Q

Characteristics of Chondrichthyes? (7)

A

-evolved from placoderms
-rough skin
-lateral line
-ampullae of lorenzini
-fusiform body
-sexual reproduction, internal fertilization of eggs
-no swim bladder generally, have to swim to breathe and generate lift

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24
Q

two types of chondrichthyes?

A

Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish)

Holocephali (chimaeras)

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25
What is a laterline line?
Major sensing organ, senses vibrations, how fish hear
26
What is an ampullae of lorenzini?
sensing nerves that sense electromagnetic fields
27
what is a fusiform body?
wide in the middle and tapering towards both ends
28
Chond=?
cartilage
29
Characteristics of osteichthyes? (5)
-bony skeleton -lateral line system -overlapping scales -mucus glands on skin -swim bladders in most
30
Two types of osteichthyes?
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
31
what is the purpose of mucus glands in osteichthyes?
creates mucus that helps with osmoregulation and makes them more aerodynamic, less energy to swim
32
what is a swim bladder?
basically lungs, holds gas and controls buoyancy
33
Osseous=?
Bone
34
Characteristics of Amphibians? (6)
-vertebrate tetrapods -aquatic and terrestrial phases of life -four well developed limbs -moist, permeable skin -vomerine teeth -evolved from walking fish
35
what are vomerine teeth?
small teeth in the upper jaw towards to the front of the jaw
36
Three types of Amphibians?
Urodela, Anura, Apoda
37
Characteristics of Urodela (6)
Tailed amphibians (salamanders) -move via lateral undulation -mostly lungless -all but one is oviparous -internal fertilization -spermatophore
38
What is Oviparous?
Egg is laid externally
39
What is Ovoviparous?
Egg is laid internally
40
What is Viviparous?
Live birth, mother directly nurses embryo
41
What does spermatophore mean?
The male drops a sperm sac outside which a female picks up to fertilize herself internally
42
Characteristics of Anura?
Tail-less amphibians (frogs) -2 distinct life stages with metamorphosis in between tadpole: -gilled herbivore with a lateral line and long finned tail adult: -gills, tail, and lateral line gone -carnivorous -ear drum and air breathing lungs
43
Characteristics of Apoda? (3)
-foot-less amphibians (Caecilians) -toothed carnivores -resemble earthworms
44
What are the major challenges to terrestrial life?
-gravity -desiccation (for egg and organism)
45
What is one key feature of amniote evolution that allows for reproduction on land?
The development of a hard shell
46
How do amniotes prevent water loss through their skin?
Waterproof skin
47
What are keratinized accessory structures in amniotes?
Structures made of keratin, such as feathers, hair, or scales.
48
What is costal ventilation in amniotes?
The use of ribs to assist in ventilation or breathing.
49
How many extraembryonic membranes do amniotes have, and what are they?
Four extraembryonic membranes: Yolk sac Amnion Allantois Chorion
50
What is the function of the yolk sac in amniote development?
The yolk sac supplies nutrients to the embryo.
51
What does the amnion do for the developing embryo?
Provides hydration and protection from mechanical shock.
52
What is the role of the allantois in amniote development?
Stores nitrogenous waste and liquid waste.
53
How does the chorion aid in amniote development?
It facilitates gas exchange through the shell.
54
Characteristics of Reptilia? (6)
-tetrapods -calcareous or leathery eggs -sexual reproduction with internal fertilization -scaly skin -ectotherms (cold-blooded) -brumation (lazy hibernation)
55
What are the major groups of Crocodilia?
Alligators, crocodiles, gharials, caimans.
56
Where are the only two species of Sphenodontia found?
On islands of New Zealand
57
What are two unique features of Sphenodontia?
No external ears and a temporary parietal eye (third eye that detects light)
58
What kind of teeth do Sphenodontia have?
bone teeth (not true teeth)
59
What are the two main types of Squamata?
Lizards and snakes.
60
What are some features of lizards? (3)
Eyelids, external ears, and some can be herbivores.
61
What are some features of snakes? (4)
No eyelids, no external ears, boas have pelvic spurs, pit vipers have organs that track infrared signals.
62
What is Jacobson’s organ?
The organ in both lizards and snakes that helps detect smells (the sniffy part of the tongue).
63
What is the carapace of a turtle?
The dorsal shell that includes the spine and ribs.
64
How do turtles, terrapins, and tortoises reproduce?
They are oviparous, laying eggs on land.
65
What is a key characteristic of birds' body temperature?
Birds are homeothermic, meaning they have an elevated internal body temperature.
66
What are pneumatic bones in birds?
Pneumatic bones are airy bones used for air storage, making the bird's body lighter.
67
what types of feathers are involved in the flight of a bird? (2)
Flight involves primary and secondary feathers. Primary feathers (at the tip) provide thrust. Secondary feathers (closer to the body) provide lift.
68
What are the two types of main feathers in birds, and what are their functions?
Down feathers provide warmth and insulation. Contour feathers provide less drag and resistance.
69
What is the cloaca in birds?
The cloaca is the common opening for reproductive and excretory structures.
70
What are urate salts, and how are they used by birds?
Urate salts are used to concentrate bird poop, making it more solid.
71
What does the uropygial gland do?
The uropygial gland produces oils for preening, which helps with waterproofing and feather flexibility.
72
What is the characteristic body temperature of mammals?
Mammals are endothermic (warm-blooded).
73
What type of body covering do mammals have?
Mammals have hair.
74
What do sebaceous glands in mammals produce?
Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which is an oil that coats the body.
75
What are the two types of sweat glands in mammals?
Eccrine glands produce regular sweat. Apocrine glands produce smelly sweat, which becomes odorous due to bacteria. Found in armpits and genitals.
76
What is a mammary gland?
A specialized sweat gland that produces milk.
77
What is mastication in mammals?
Mastication refers to the ability to chew food.
78
What kind of teeth do most mammals have?
Mammals are mostly diphyodont (two sets of teeth, baby and adult) and have heterodont teeth (different types of teeth).
79
What is a characteristic feature of the mammalian ear?
Mammals have external ears and auditory ossicles (ear bones).
80
What allows mammals to breathe?
Mammals have a muscular diaphragm that helps with breathing through negative pressure.
81
What are monotremes?
Egg-laying mammals that include the platypus and echidnas.
82
What are some key features of marsupials? (4)
Short gestational period with no eggshell. Some can enter embryonic diapause (pausing embryonic growth). Fetal at birth. Most have pouches.
83
What is a key feature of eutherians (placental mammals)?
Eutherians have a chorioallantoic placenta.
84
What are some examples of Afrotheria within Atlantogenata?
Elephants, hyraxes, and manatees.
85
What animals belong to Xenarthra within Atlantogenata?
Anteaters, armadillos, and sloths.
86
What animals are included in the order Scandentia within Boreoeutheria?
Tree shrews.
87
What animals belong to Rodentia within Boreoeutheria?
Rats, mice, squirrels, and porcupines.
88
What animals belong to Lagomorpha within Boreoeutheria?
Rabbits and hares.
89
What are perissodactyls?
Odd-toed ungulates, including horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs.
90
What are some examples of primates?
Old world monkeys (Africa and Asia): non-prehensile tails and wet noses. New world monkeys (Americas): prehensile tails and dry noses. Apes (including humans).
91
What animals are in the order Cetartiodactyla?
Even-toed ungulates, including cows, giraffes, pigs, hippopotamuses, and whales.
92
What animals are part of Carnivora?
Cats, dogs, and bears.
93
What animals are in the order Chiroptera?
Bats and flying foxes.
94
What are the key evolutionary traits of primates? (4)
Rotating shoulder joints. Opposable big toe and thumb. Stereoscopic vision (depth perception). Homo erectus was the first to leave Africa and used fire, hunted, and created homes.
95
What are some features of extinct hominids like Neanderthal and Homo heidelbergensis? (3)
They had thick skulls, prominent brow ridges, and receding chins.

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