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anatomy > vessels > Flashcards

vessels Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium: outer protective layer: external layer of connective tissue: visceral layer of serous pericardium
    (pericardium: fibrous external layer connected to sternum and VC thru ligaments and a serous layer. serous slayer is divided into parietal and visceral
  • myocardium: muscular middle layer: muscular: specific cells and fibres: striated non voluntary
  • endocardium: thin inner layer: epithelial tissue: monolayer of flat cells
  • no need for 4th layer as epithelium can be directly supplied
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2
Q

layers of blood vessels

A
  • tunica externa (adventitia): outer loose connective tissue
  • tunica media: middle smooth muscle
  • tunica intima: inner endothelial lining: monolayer of flat cells
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3
Q

arteries

A
  • conductive: large - middle - arterioles
  • thicker muscular layer with elastic fibers to:
  • able to resist high blood pressure
  • retain their round shape when empty
  • divided into three categories by size
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4
Q

large elastic arteries

A
  • contain high amount of elastic fibers in the tunica media for expansion and recoil in normal cardiac cycle
  • aorta and brachiocephalic trunk
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5
Q

medium muscular arteries

A
  • contain mostly smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media to regulate their diameter and control flow
  • femoral land axillary arteries
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6
Q

small arteries and arterioles

A
  • control filling of capillaries
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7
Q

capillaries

A
  • material exchanges between blood and tissue fluids
  • between smallest arterioles and smallest venules
  • endothelium + basal membrane and pericytes: specific cells in middle layer to sustain shape
  • run in every connective tissue
  • scarce in tendons, ligaments and cartilage
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8
Q

veins

A
  • greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
  • thin walls: less muscular and elastic tissue
  • lower blood pressure: 10 mmHg with little fluctuation
  • valves aid skeletal muscles in upward blood flow in lower limbs
  • no elastic artery: lose their shape:irregular lumen
  • lower limbs: semilunar valves to maintain passage of blood
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9
Q

large veins

A
  • contain some smooth muscle in tunica media with thicker tunica externa
  • superior and inferior vena cava and portal vein
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10
Q

small and medium veins

A
  • contain small amounts of smooth muscle
  • superficial veins in the upper and lower libs
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11
Q

venules

A

the smallest veins to drain the capillaries

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12
Q

pulmonary trunk

A
  • originates from RV
  • ascends anteriorly to the aorta then moving posteriorly below arch
  • below arch it (T5-6) divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries
    -start pulmonary circulation taking deox blood to lungs
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13
Q

aorta

A
  • originates from LV
  • aortic semilunar valve: posterior, right and left anterior pockets
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14
Q

ascending aorta

A
  • within pericardial sac
  • gives rise to the right and left coronary arteries: - from right and left coronary cusps that contain coronary sinuses: origin of coronary arteries
  • moving superiorly with the arch
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15
Q

aortic arch

A
  • gives rise to 3 branches
  • brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian and right common carotid
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
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16
Q

descending aorta

A
  • from T4
  • descends in front of the vertebral bodies
  • divides in thoracic and abdominal regions
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17
Q

right coronary artery

A
  • goes inside coronary groove inferior to right auricle and moves along posteriorly
  • terminal branch: posterior interventricular artery in posterior interventricular groove (posterior descennding artery)
    branches:
  • sinu-atrial nodal branch
  • AVN artery
  • right marginal branches
  • atrial branhes for RA
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18
Q
  • left (main) coronary artery -
A
  • og from left cusp
  • passes behind pulmonary trunk in coronary groove
  • terminal branch: coronary sulcus (crux cordis) if right dominant (if left it continues to form PIV artery)
  • division inferior to left auricle
  • anterior: anterior interventricular descending arery through IV groove
  • left margin: circumflex artery
  • ventricular and septal branches
  • supplies largest partof anterior surface and left posterior surface, anterior 2/3 of septum (other 1/3 by post)
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19
Q

brachiocephalic branch

A
  • right common carotid artery
  • right subclavian artery
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20
Q

subclavian arteries location

A
  • above apex of the lung
  • behind the anterior scalene
  • between clavicle and first rib
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21
Q

collateral branches of subclavian arteries

A
  • vertebral artery: goes up and back through the transverse foramina C6-C1
  • enters skull thru foramen magnum
  • joins the controlateral artery to form the basilar artery
    -at clivus: junction of basilar part of occipital bone and dorsum sellum
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22
Q

terminal branches ob subclavian erteries

A
  • axillary artery: inside the axilla with the vein, posterior the pectoralis major and minor
  • inferiorly to pectoralis major: becomes brachial artery: run between biceps and coracobrachialis
  • inferiorly the cubital fossa: divides into radial and ulnar arteries
  • deep and superficial palmar arch
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23
Q

common carotid arteries

A
  • right: cervical tract
  • left: cervical then thoracic tract
  • cervical tracts form the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
  • bifurcate superiorly the larynx in the two terminal branches
  • division of common carotid above larynx to internal and external
24
Q

external carotid artery

A
  • to supply neck, face and external walls of the skull (muscles)
  • posteriorly the sternocleidomastoid muscle and goes up inferiorly to the digastric muscle to reach the parotid gland
  • terminal branches: temporalis superficialis and maxillary arteries
25
Q

internal carotid artery

A
  • enters through carotid canal
    -goes up and posteriorly the external to reach the carotid canal and enter into the skull
    -4 divisons: cervical, petrous (curve), cavernous (cavernous sinus) and cerebral
  • terminal branches: anterior and middle cerebral arteries + posterior communicating artery
26
Q

circle of willis

A
  • anteriorly by terminal branches of internal carotid artery and posteriorly by terminal branches of basilar artery
    post:
  • vertebral arteries enter occipital foramen after transverse foramina and meet to form basilar
  • basilar forms several collaterals for cerebellum
  • two terminal branches: posterior cerebral arteries (2)
    ant:
  • internal carotid artery from each side
  • terminal: anterior cerebral arteries (1 from each) right and left connected through a small artery called anterior communicating artery forming anterior arch
  • other terminal branch: middle cerebral artery goes laterally: last terminal branch: posterior communicating artery joins posterior cerebral artery forms the circle
27
Q

descending aorta: thoracic aorta

A
  • begins at T4 and ends at T12 where it passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
  • located to the left of the vertebral column
  • bundle of nerves and vessels passes through internal and innermost intercostal muscles
28
Q

collateral branches of descending thoracic aorta

A
  • bronchial arteries
  • pericardial branches
  • phrenic branches
  • intercostal arteries
  • subcostal arteries
29
Q

descending aorta: abdominal aorta

A
  • begins at aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
    -descends through the abdomen anterior to the vertebral bodies and ends at the level of L4
  • terminal branches: common iliac arteries
30
Q

collateral branches of descending abdominal aorta

A
  • celiac trunk: first division of 3 vessels: liver,stomach,spleen: hepatic, gastric, splenic artery
  • superior mesenteric (intestine) artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
  • renal arteries
  • gonadal arteries
31
Q

common iliac arteries

A
  • from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at L4
  • go toward the sacroiliac joints to become internal and external iliac arteries
32
Q

internal iliac artery

A

-to supply the organs and the wall of the pelvic cavity and gluteal region

33
Q

external iliac artery

A
  • descends medially along the psoas major muscle to reach the inguinal ligament
  • femoral triangle: common femoral artery
  • then profunda femoris and superficial femoral artery
  • reaches adductor hiatus:popliteal artery runs with the soleus muscle
  • terminal branches: anterior and posterior tibial arteries
  • dorsalis pedis in foot
34
Q

terminal cardiac veins

A
  • coronary sulcus
  • posterior surface on RA
35
Q

veins of the pulmonary circulation

A

4 pulmonary veins
- enter the LA from the lungs with oxygenated blood
- superiors have an oblique course
- inferiors have a transverse course

36
Q

superior vena cava

A
  • enters RA at the lower level of the 3rd costal cartilage
  • collects all the venous blood of the supracardiaphragmatic region
  • formed by left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein mainly and the azygous vein
  • brachiocephalic: at each side it is made up of the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins posterior to the medial end of the clavicle
37
Q

azygous vein

A
  • From the junction of the right ascending lumbar vein andthe right subcostal vein
  • Enters in the thorax , ascends to the
    right of the vertebral bodies and at T4 arches to join the SVC
  • It includes hemiazygos, intercostal, pericardial and bronchial veins.
38
Q

hemiazygous vein

A
  • from the junction of the left ascending lumbar vein and the left subcostal vein
  • enters the thorax, ascends to the left of the vertebral bodies
  • arches at T9 to join azygous crossing the vertebral column
  • includes last intercostal oesophageal and mediastinal veins
39
Q

accessory hemiazygous vein

A

-Descends from the left side to collect the first intercostal veins
-At the level of T8 crosses the vertebral column and reach the azygos vein or ends in the hemiazygos vein

40
Q

deep veins of upper limb

A
  • deep veins: accompany the arteries of the same region and bear similar names
  • radia,ulnal,brachial,subclaviar
41
Q

superficial veins of upper limb

A
  • palmar venous arches
  • cephalic vein:Laterally from the hand,ascends on radial side of the forearm continues up the arm to drain into axillary vein
  • basilic vein:Medially from the hand, ascends on the ulnar side of forearm and joins axillary vein
  • median cubital vein: links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
42
Q

cephalic vein

A
  • laterally after radial from cubital fossa
  • ascends on radial side of the forearm to the elbow and then in the lateral side of the biceps brachii
  • continues up the arm where it passes the clavipectoral fascia to drain into axillary vein
43
Q

basilic vein

A
  • medially from cubital fossa after ulnar vein
  • ascends on the ulnar side of the forearm to the elbow
  • then medial biceps brachii
  • passes the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillary vein
44
Q

medial cubital vein

A
  • links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
  • frequent site for venipuncture to remove sample of blood or add fluid
45
Q

veins from the skull

A
  • sinuses: veins in skull
  • a network of small venous channels leads to the dural venous sinuses
  • 2 important:
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • parallel and deeper: inferior sagittal sinus
  • connected posteriorly by straight sinus: stops at confluence of sinuses at internal occipital protuberance
  • lateral passage of transverse sinus: forms sigmoid sinus in temporal bone
  • all sinuses meet and form internal jugular vein at jugular foramen
  • goes down to form internal cervical vein right and left
46
Q

inferior vena cava

A
  • enters the RA at the level of T12
  • collects all the venous blood of the infradiaphragmatic region
  • formed by parietal and visceral veins
  • parietal veins: iliac veins (internal,external,femoral,saphenos,tibial), lumbar and phrenic veins
  • visceral veins : renal, adrenal, genital veins
47
Q

portal vein

A
  • collects all the venous blood of the digestive system and spleen
  • after passage in the liver the blood goes into IVC thru hepatic vein
48
Q

veins of lower limb

A
  • largest superficial: great saphenous vein: medially from dorsal aspect of the foot to drain into the common femoral vein
  • leg: smallsphenous vein from lateral side goes into tibial vein
  • ascends, becomes popliteal vein then femoral vein
  • deep femoral vein drains into femoral vein forming common femoral vein
49
Q
A
50
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • elastic force given back to blood by peripherally and posteriorly squeezing
51
Q

great cardiac vein

A
  • supply from anterior surface
  • from apex
  • follows IV groove
  • pass to coronary groove into sinus
52
Q

small cardiac vein

A
  • collect right marginal part
  • between RA and RV
  • through groove to sinus
53
Q

middle cardiac vein

A
  • posterior side of great
  • from apex
  • follows post IV groove
  • to coronary groove into sinus
54
Q

posterior cardiac vein

A
  • collect from left marginal side of posterior surface
  • into coronary sinus
55
Q

carotid sheath

A
  • fibrous connective tissue surrounding several important structures of the neck
  • carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, and sympathetic plexus
    -thicker around the arteries than around the vein, allowing the vein to expand

anatomy (38 decks)

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