Veterinary drugs

Question 1

Amoxicillin

Answer 1

Group: Penicillin
Indications: Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for a variety of infections caused by bacteria sensitive to amoxicillin, including skin infections, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections.
Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, and livestock.

Question 2

: Enrofloxacin

Answer 2

Group: Fluoroquinolone
Indications: Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, some gram-positive bacteria, and mycoplasma, including skin infections, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections.
Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotic animal

Question 3

Metronidazole

Answer 3

Group: Nitroimidazole
Indications: Primarily used for its antiprotozoal and anaerobic antibacterial activity, including Giardia infections and periodontal disease.
Species: Dogs, Cats.

Question 4

Clindamycin

Answer 4

Group: Lincosamide
Indications: Used for osteomyelitis, dental infections, and other infections caused by anaerobic bacteria as well as some protozoa.
Species: Dogs, Cats.

Question 5

Cephalexin

Answer 5

Group: Cephalosporin (1st generation)
Indications: Skin infections (e.g., pyoderma), bone infections, and respiratory tract infections.
Species: Dogs, Cats.

Question 6

Tetracycline

Answer 6

Group: Tetracycline
Indications: Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for a variety of infections, including respiratory tract infections, some sexually transmitted infections, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses, and livestock.

Question 7

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)

Answer 7

Group: Sulfonamide combination
Indications: Urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, gastrointestinal infections, and protozoal infections.
Species: Dogs, Cats.

Question 8

Gentamicin

Answer 8

Group: Aminoglycoside
Indications: Severe bacterial infections, particularly those caused by gram-negative bacteria, including sepsis and pneumonia.
Species: Dogs, Cats, Horses.

Question 9

Doxycycline

Answer 9

Group: Tetracycline
Indications: Tick-borne diseases, respiratory tract infections, and infections caused by Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and some protozoa.
Species: Dogs, Cats, Exotic animals.

Question 10

Penicillin G

Answer 10

Group: Penicillin
Indications: Infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, and Clostridium.
Species: Livestock, Horses.

Question 11

Penicillins

Answer 11

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death.
Common Uses: Effective against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Used for skin infections, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections.
Species: Broadly used across many species including dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

Question 12

Cephalosporins

Answer 12

Mechanism of Action: Similar to penicillins, they disrupt the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.
Common Uses: Classified into generations, with a broad range of activity from gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria. Used for skin infections, bone infections, and respiratory infections.
Species: Used in dogs, cats, and livestock.

Question 13

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 13

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential for bacterial DNA replication.
Common Uses: Effective against gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. Used for urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.
Species: Dogs, cats, and exotic animals. Use in food-producing animals is restricted due to potential resistance.

Question 14

Tetracyclines

Answer 14

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome.
Common Uses: Broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a wide variety of bacteria, including Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia. Used for respiratory infections and tick-borne diseases.
Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

Question 15

Aminoglycosides

Answer 15

Mechanism of Action: Bind to the bacterial ribosome, causing misreading of mRNA and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Common Uses: Effective against gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria. Used for severe infections like sepsis and pneumonia.
Species: Mainly used in dogs, cats, and horses. Requires careful monitoring due to potential toxicity.

Question 16

Macrolides

Answer 16

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome.
Common Uses: Effective against gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria. Used for respiratory infections and infections caused by Mycoplasma.
Species: Dogs, cats, and livestock.

Question 17

Sulfonamides

Answer 17

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit folic acid synthesis, which is essential for bacterial DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
Common Uses: Broad-spectrum antibiotics used for urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and protozoal infections.
Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 18

Lincosamides

Answer 18

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome.
Common Uses: Effective against anaerobic bacteria and some protozoa. Used for dental infections, bone infections, and deep skin infections.
Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 19

Nitroimidazoles (e.g., Metronidazole)

Answer 19

Mechanism of Action: Cause DNA strand breakage and loss of helical DNA structure, leading to bacterial cell death.
Common Uses: Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Commonly used for gastrointestinal infections like Giardia.
Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 20

Glycopeptides (e.g., Vancomycin)

Answer 20

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Common Uses: Used as a last resort for severe infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA.
Species: Primarily used in humans, but occasionally in veterinary medicine for resistant infections in dogs and cats under strict regulation.

Question 21

Carprofen

Answer 21

Mechanism of Action: Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation, pain, and fever.
Common Uses: Management of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and postoperative pain.
Species: Primarily dogs.

Question 22

Meloxicam

Answer 22

Mechanism of Action: Selectively inhibits COX-2 enzyme, reducing inflammation, pain, and fever with fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.
Common Uses: Chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis, postoperative pain.
Species: Dogs, cats, and exotics.

Question 23

Firocoxib

Answer 23

Mechanism of Action: Selective COX-2 inhibitor, reducing production of prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation.
Common Uses: Pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders.
Species: Dogs and horses.

Question 24

Ketoprofen

Answer 24

Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor, reducing inflammation, pain, and fever.
Common Uses: Management of musculoskeletal pain, fever, and inflammation.
Species: Dogs, cats, and horses.

Question 25

Phenylbutazone (Bute)

Answer 25

Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor, reducing inflammation and pain. Common Uses: Used primarily for pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Species: Primarily horses.

Question 26

Flunixin Meglumine

Answer 26

Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor, with potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Common Uses: Colic pain in horses, and anti-inflammatory and analgesic in cattle. Species: Horses and cattle.

Question 27

Tolfenamic Acid

Answer 27

Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor, reducing the production of prostaglandins involved in pain and inflammation. Common Uses: Short-term management of fever and acute inflammation. Species: Cats and dogs, also used in livestock.

Question 28

Piroxicam

Answer 28

Mechanism of Action: Non-selective COX inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Common Uses: Part of cancer therapy protocols due to its anti-tumor properties, in addition to pain management. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 29

Deracoxib

Answer 29

Mechanism of Action: Selective COX-2 inhibitor, reducing inflammation and pain with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Common Uses: Osteoarthritis pain and inflammation, postoperative pain. Species: Dogs.

Question 30

Ibuprofen

Answer 30

Note: While common in human medicine, ibuprofen is not recommended for use in veterinary patients due to its high potential for causing gastrointestinal ulcers, kidney failure, and other toxic effects. Species: Not recommended for any veterinary species.

Question 31

Opioids (e.g., Morphine, Fentanyl, Buprenorphine)

Answer 31

Mechanism of Action: Bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to decrease the perception of pain. Common Uses: Severe pain management, postoperative pain, chronic pain conditions. Species: Dogs, cats, and horses.

Question 32

NSAIDs (e.g., Carprofen, Meloxicam, Firocoxib)

Answer 32

Mechanism of Action: Inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins involved in inflammation and pain. Common Uses: Management of inflammation, pain associated with osteoarthritis, postoperative pain. Species: Dogs, cats, horses.

Question 33

Local Anesthetics (e.g., Lidocaine, Bupivacaine)

Answer 33

Mechanism of Action: Block sodium channels, preventing the conduction of nerve impulses and thus the sensation of pain. Common Uses: Local or regional anesthesia for surgical procedures, pain relief for minor procedures. Species: All species.

Question 34

Alpha-2 Agonists (e.g., Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine)

Answer 34

Mechanism of Action: Stimulate alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to sedation and analgesia. Common Uses: Sedation and analgesia for minor procedures, premedication before anesthesia. Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

Question 35

Gabapentin

Answer 35

Mechanism of Action: Modulates calcium channels and reduces neurotransmitter release, leading to analgesic and anticonvulsant effects. Common Uses: Neuropathic pain, adjunct for chronic pain management. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 36

Tramadol

Answer 36

Mechanism of Action: Binds to mu-opioid receptors and inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, contributing to its analgesic effects. Common Uses: Management of mild to moderate pain. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 37

Amantadine

Answer 37

Mechanism of Action: NMDA receptor antagonist, which helps in chronic pain conditions by preventing central sensitization. Common Uses: Chronic pain management, especially in cases of osteoarthritis. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 38

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

Answer 38

Note: Not commonly used in all species due to high risk of toxicity, especially in cats and dogs. Mechanism of Action: Analgesic and antipyretic effects, possibly through inhibition of COX enzymes in the brain. Common Uses: Limited use in veterinary medicine; sometimes used in dogs with caution for mild pain relief. Species: Dogs (with extreme caution), not recommended for cats.

Question 39

Propofol

Answer 39

Mechanism of Action: Enhances the activity of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the central nervous system, leading to sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia. Common Uses: Induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Rapid onset and short duration of action. Species: Dogs, cats, horses.

Question 40

Ketamine

Answer 40

Mechanism of Action: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist, producing dissociative anesthesia and analgesia. Common Uses: Induction agent often used in combination with other drugs like alpha-2 agonists or benzodiazepines for balanced anesthesia. Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and exotic animals.

Question 41

Alfaxalone

Answer 41

Mechanism of Action: Steroid anesthetic that modulates GABA_A receptors, leading to anesthesia. Common Uses: Induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Known for its safety profile and minimal cardiovascular effects. Species: Dogs, cats.

Question 42

Thiopental

Answer 42

Mechanism of Action: Barbiturate that enhances GABA activity, leading to rapid anesthesia induction. Common Uses: Induction of anesthesia, especially in emergency situations where rapid effect is desired. Less commonly used due to availability of safer alternatives. Species: Dogs, cats, horses.

Question 43

Etomidate

Answer 43

Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA activity, leading to sedation and anesthesia without significant cardiovascular depression. Common Uses: Induction agent preferred in patients with cardiac disease or where cardiovascular stability is essential. Species: Dogs, occasionally cats.

Question 44

Midazolam (and other Benzodiazepines)

Answer 44

Mechanism of Action: Enhances the effect of GABA, leading to sedation, anxiolysis, and muscle relaxation. Common Uses: Commonly used in combination with other induction agents to provide muscle relaxation and reduce the dose of the primary induction agent needed. Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and exotics.

Question 45

Isoflurane/Sevoflurane (Inhalant Agents)

Answer 45

Note: While primarily used for maintenance of anesthesia, they can also be used for induction in certain situations, especially in small or exotic animals. Mechanism of Action: Enhance GABA and glycine receptor activity, leading to anesthesia. The exact mechanism is not fully understood. Common Uses: Rapid induction via mask or chamber in small or difficult-to-handle animals where intravenous access is challenging. Species: All species, especially small and exotic animals.

Question 46

Ivermectin

Answer 46

Mechanism of Action: Binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in nerve and muscle cells of parasites, causing paralysis and death. Common Uses: Broad-spectrum control of internal and external parasites, including heartworms, mites, and some ticks. Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and livestock. Caution in some dog breeds due to MDR1 gene mutation.

Question 47

Milbemycin Oxime

Answer 47

Mechanism of Action: Acts on glutamate-gated chloride channels, similar to ivermectin, leading to paralysis and death of parasites. Common Uses: Prevention of heartworm disease and control of intestinal worms, such as hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 48

Selamectin

Answer 48

Mechanism of Action: Acts on parasite nerve and muscle cells, leading to paralysis and death. Similar mechanism to ivermectin but formulated for topical use. Common Uses: Prevention of heartworm disease, and treatment of fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, and certain ticks. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 49

Fipronil

Answer 49

Mechanism of Action: Disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking GABA-gated chloride channels, leading to paralysis and death. Common Uses: Topical treatment for flea and tick infestations. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 50

Praziquantel

Answer 50

Mechanism of Action: Causes severe contraction and paralysis of parasite's muscles, leading to detachment from the host tissue. Increases the permeability of the parasite's cell membrane to calcium, resulting in death. Common Uses: Treatment of tapeworm infections. Species: Dogs, cats, and horses.

Question 51

Pyrantel Pamoate

Answer 51

Mechanism of Action: Agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles, causing spastic paralysis followed by expulsion. Common Uses: Treatment and control of hookworms and roundworms. Species: Dogs, cats, and horses.

Question 52

Fenbendazole

Answer 52

Mechanism of Action: Inhibits microtubule synthesis in parasites, disrupting essential structures and processes, leading to death. Common Uses: Broad-spectrum anthelmintic effective against gastrointestinal parasites, including roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and certain tapeworms. Species: Dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

Question 53

Moxidectin

Answer 53

Mechanism of Action: Similar to ivermectin, it binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels, causing paralysis and death of parasites. Common Uses: Prevention of heartworm disease, control of internal and external parasites including intestinal worms and fleas. Species: Dogs, cats, and livestock.

Question 54

Amitraz

Answer 54

Mechanism of Action: An alpha-adrenergic agonist that affects the nervous system of parasites, leading to paralysis and death. Common Uses: Control of ticks and mites. Species: Dogs. Not recommended for use in cats.

Question 55

Lufenuron

Answer 55

Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the synthesis of chitin, which is necessary for the development of the exoskeleton in flea larvae, thus breaking the flea life cycle. Common Uses: Flea control, administered orally or as an injectable, preventing flea populations from developing. Species: Dogs and cats.

Question 56

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Answer 56

Examples: Carprofen, Meloxicam, Firocoxib Mechanism: Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis, thus decreasing inflammation and pain. Uses: Arthritis, postoperative pain, and inflammation in dogs and cats. Dosage: Specific to drug and species. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, renal and liver impairment. Contraindications: Use with caution in animals with renal, cardiac, or hepatic diseases and those that are dehydrated.

Question 57

Opioids

Answer 57

Examples: Morphine, Fentanyl, Buprenorphine, Tramadol Mechanism: Bind to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas, reducing the perception of pain. Uses: Severe pain management, anesthesia premedication. Dosage: Specific to drug and species. Side Effects: Respiratory depression, sedation, constipation. Contraindications: Use with caution in animals with head trauma, respiratory disease, or renal impairment.

Question 58

Local Anesthetics

Answer 58

Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine Mechanism: Block sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse propagation and thus sensation transmission including pain. Uses: Local anesthesia for surgical procedures, nerve blocks. Dosage: Specific to procedure and species. Side Effects: Toxicity if absorbed systemically (CNS and cardiovascular effects). Contraindications: Avoid in areas of infection; use with caution in patients with heart disease.

Question 59

Corticosteroids

Answer 59

Examples: Prednisolone, Dexamethasone Mechanism: Mimic cortisol, reducing inflammation and immune responses. Uses: Chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases. Dosage: Specific to condition and species. Side Effects: Immunosuppression, polydipsia, polyuria, and potential for iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Contraindications: Active infections, diabetes mellitus, long-term use considerations.

Question 60

Opioid Agonists

Answer 60

Examples: Morphine, Fentanyl, Methadone Mechanism: Activate mu-opioid receptors, leading to analgesia, sedation, and euphoria. Uses: Pain relief, sedation, and as part of anesthesia protocols in various species. Side Effects: Respiratory depression, bradycardia, constipation, potential for dependence. Contraindications: Patients with respiratory distress, head trauma, or those receiving MAOIs.

Question 61

Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

Answer 61

Examples: Terbutaline, Albuterol Mechanism: Stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to bronchodilation. Uses: Management of bronchospasm, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in animals. Side Effects: Tachycardia, muscle tremors, hyperactivity. Contraindications: Animals with cardiovascular disease.

Question 62

Opioid Antagonists

Answer 62

Examples: Naloxone, Naltrexone Mechanism: Bind to and block opioid receptors, reversing the effects of opioid agonists. Uses: Treatment of opioid overdose, reversal of opioid-induced sedation or respiratory depression. Side Effects: Rapid reversal of analgesia can cause pain and distress. Contraindications: Use with caution, considering the risk of acute pain and withdrawal symptoms.

Question 63

Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists

Answer 63

Examples: Prazosin, Yohimbine Mechanism: Block alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. Uses: Treatment of hypertension, management of urinary retention, reversal of certain sedatives (e.g., medetomidine). Side Effects: Hypotension, reflex tachycardia, dizziness. Contraindications: Animals with hypotension or those prone to tachyarrhythmias.

Question 64

Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta Blockers)

Answer 64

Examples: Atenolol, Propranolol Mechanism: Block beta-adrenergic receptors, decreasing heart rate and blood pressure. Uses: Management of cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and certain types of cardiomyopathy. Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm in predisposed species. Contraindications: Animals with asthma, certain heart blockages, or severe heart failure.