VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293) Flashcards
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
1. Patentable vs. Non-patentable Inventions – Section 22
Patentable vs. Non-Patentable Inventions: Understanding the Divide
A) Key Differences:
1. Problem-Solving vs. Abstract Ideas:
Patentable inventions solve technical problems in a specific field. Non-patentable inventions are abstract ideas, methods, or discoveries (e.g., scientific theories, mathematical formulas).
2. Industrial Applicability:
A patentable invention must have a practical use in an industry. Non-patentable inventions may lack a practical application or have more general uses.
3. Novelty and Inventive Step:
Patentable inventions must be new (not already invented) and involve an inventive step (not obvious to someone skilled in the field). Non-patentable inventions may not meet these criteria.
B) Similarities:
1. Originality:
Both patentable and non-patentable inventions require some level of originality or creativity.
2. Potential Value:
Both can hold value, even if they aren’t patentable. Non-patentable inventions might be protected by other forms of intellectual property, like trade secrets.
3. Legal Protection:
While patents offer exclusive rights, non-patentable inventions may still benefit from other legal protections depending on their nature.
- Examples:
- Patentable: A new design for a solar panel (technical solution, industrial application)
- Non-Patentable: E=mc² (scientific theory, abstract idea)
- Patentable: A new drug with unique properties for treating a disease (technical solution, industrial application, novelty, inventive step)
- Non-Patentable: A method for doing business calculations using existing software (method using known tools, not necessarily inventive)
- Patentable: A new medical device for performing surgery (technical solution, industrial application, may need to meet additional medical device regulations)
- Non-Patentable: The concept of using music therapy for relaxation (treatment method, abstract idea)
- Tips for Remembering:
- Patentable inventions are like practical solutions to technical problems.
- Non-patentable inventions are more like abstract ideas, methods, or discoveries.
- Think “problem-solving” for patentable and “abstract concepts” for non-patentable.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Ownership of a Patent – Sections 28-30
Who Owns the Patent? Understanding Patent Ownership (RA 165a)
These sections define who has the legal right to a patent in the Philippines.
1) Default Ownership (Section 28):
* The inventor (the person who created the invention) generally has the right to the patent.
* If multiple people jointly invented something together, they co-own the patent.
2) Competing Applications (Section 29):
* If two or more people independently invent the same thing, the first to file a patent application gets the rights.
* “First to file” means the earliest complete application with the required information.
3) Inventions Made During Employment (Section 30):
* Who owns the patent depends on the circumstances and any agreements:
A) Commissioned Work:** If someone hires you to invent something, they typically own the patent unless a different agreement exists.
B) Employee Inventions:**
- If the invention is unrelated to your job duties (even if you use company resources), you likely own the patent.
- If the invention stems from your regular job duties, your employer likely owns the patent (unless otherwise agreed).
- Examples (Current Events):
A) University Research:** A university professor develops a new medical treatment during their research. By default, the professor would be the inventor and own the patent rights (Section 28). However, the university might have an agreement with the professor stating shared ownership or rights to the invention.
B) Startup Collaboration:** Two programmers working independently on a new software application come together and combine their ideas to create a final product. Since they jointly invented it, they would co-own the patent under Section 28.
C) Employee Invention:** An engineer invents a new energy-saving device while working for a manufacturing company. If this invention falls outside the scope of the engineer’s regular job duties (e.g., improving a specific product assigned to them), they would likely own the patent (Section 30.2(a)). However, if the invention is directly related to their assigned tasks or improving existing company technology (Section 30.2(b)), the company would likely own the patent unless there’s a specific agreement stating otherwise. - Tips for Remembering:
- Inventors generally own patents, but “first to file” applies in close calls.
- Employment contracts can affect ownership, so inventors should be mindful of these agreements.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Rights and Limitations of Patent Owner – Sections 71-77
Patent Owner’s Rights and Limitations: A Bar Exam Breakdown (RA 165a)
A) Rights of a Patent Owner (Section 71):
1) Exclusivity:** The patent owner has the exclusive right to:
* Control the production, sale, import, and use of their patented product.
* Prevent unauthorized use of their patented process.
2) Licensing:** They can license (give permission) others to use their invention for a fee.
3) Assignment:** They can sell or transfer ownership of the patent.
- Think “Control” and “Profit” for Patent Owner Rights.
Example:
A company invents a new solar panel design. The patent grants them exclusive rights to manufacture, sell, and import these panels, preventing others from copying their design. They can also license the technology to other companies for a royalty fee.
B) Limitations on Patent Rights (Section 72):
1) Exhaustion of Rights:** Once a patented product is legitimately sold (e.g., by the owner or with their permission), others can freely resell it (except for pharmaceuticals).
2) Non-commercial Use:** Limited, non-commercial use of the invention is allowed, as long as it doesn’t hurt the patent owner’s business.
3) Experimental Use:** Experimenting with the invention for research or educational purposes is permitted.
4) Government Use:** In specific situations (national emergency, public health needs), the government can authorize use of the invention, with compensation to the patent owner.
- Think “Exceptions” and “Fair Use” for Limitations.
Example:
A student builds a small model using a patented building block design for a school science project. This non-commercial, educational use likely falls under the limitations on patent rights.
C) Patent Infringement (Section 76):
* Making, using, selling, or importing a patented invention without permission is infringement.
* Patent owners can sue infringers for damages, attorney fees, and injunctions (court orders to stop infringement).
- Think “Unauthorized Copying” for Infringement.**
Example:
A company starts manufacturing and selling solar panels that are identical copies of the patented design mentioned earlier. This would likely be considered patent infringement. - Tips for Remembering:
- Patent owners have control over their inventions and can profit from them.
- Some exceptions and limitations exist, like non-commercial and government use.
- Unauthorized copying is infringement, and patent owners can take legal action.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Patent Infringement – Sections 76-84
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Remedies for Infringement – Sections 79-80
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Cancellation – Sections 61-66
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Compulsory Licensing – Sections 93-102
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
A. Patents
- Voluntary Licensing – Sections 85-92
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
1. Marks vs. Collective Marks vs. Trade Names – Section 121
Understanding Marks, Collective Marks, and Trade Names (RA 166a): A Bar Exam Guide
These terms might seem similar, but they have distinct legal meanings in trademark law (RA 166a). Here’s a breakdown for easy memorizing:
- Marks (Trademark/Service Mark):
* Function: Distinguish the goods or services of one business from others.
* Examples: Logos, slogans, product names (e.g., Apple logo, McDonald’s slogan “I’m lovin’ it”, “Band-Aid” brand of adhesive bandages).
* Current Event: A social media influencer creates a unique catchphrase and uses it in their merchandise. This catchphrase could be a trademark if it identifies their brand and distinguishes their merchandise from others. - Collective Marks:**
* Function: Identify a group of businesses sharing a common characteristic (e.g., location, quality standards).
* Used By: Typically associations or cooperatives.
* Examples: “Fair Trade Certified” label, organic food certification marks.
* Current Event: A coffee cooperative in a specific region gets a collective mark for their coffee beans. This mark signifies the origin and potentially the quality of the coffee produced by members of the cooperative. - Trade Name:
* Function: Identify and distinguish a business itself, not necessarily its specific products or services.
* Examples: Company names, business names (e.g., Google, Coca-Cola, Starbucks).
* Current Event: A new online grocery delivery service launches with a unique name. This name would be considered a trade name as it identifies the business itself.
- Key Differences (Remember “MDC” for Easy Recall):
- Marks (M): Distinguish Goods/Services.
- Collective Marks (C): Identify a Group with Common Traits.
- Trade Names (T): Identify the Business Itself.
Bonus Tip: While trade names aren’t automatically protected under trademark law, they might gain some protection through common law rights if they become well-established and recognized in the market.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Non-Registrable Marks – Section 123
The No-Go Zones: Understanding Non-Registrable Trademarks in the Philippines
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 1844) outlines several categories of marks that cannot be registered as trademarks. Remember these as “No Regrets” to avoid wasting time on unregistrable trademarks:
1) Moral & Legal Hurdles (a, b, c, m):
* Trademarks cannot be immoral, deceptive, or scandalous.
* They can’t disrespect national symbols, institutions, or individuals (especially deceased presidents without their widow’s consent).
* Using the Philippine flag or insignia, or imitating foreign ones, is also a no-no.
Example :
A clothing brand wants to register a logo featuring a highly offensive caricature of a national hero. This would likely violate Section 123.1(a) for being disrespectful.
2) Protecting Existing Rights (d, e, f):
* Marks that are identical or confusingly similar to existing registered trademarks, especially for similar goods or services, cannot be registered.
* This extends to well-known international marks, even if not registered locally.
Example:
A new bakery wants to register the trademark “Golden Croissants” but there’s already a famous bakery with the registered trademark “Goldie’s Croissants.” This would likely violate Section 123.1(d)(iii).
3) Avoiding Deception (g):
* Trademarks can’t mislead consumers about the product’s quality, nature, or origin.
Example:
A clothing brand wants to register a trademark with a fake designer label. This would violate Section 123.1(g) as it misrepresents the origin of the product.
4) Generic & Descriptive Terms (h, i, j):
* Generic terms (like “computer” for computers) and customary terms (like “hot” for spicy food) cannot be trademarks because they describe the product itself.
* Signs or symbols solely indicating characteristics or functionalities are also not registrable.
Example:
A company wants to register the trademark “Red Ball” for red bouncy balls. This would likely violate Section 123.1(h) or (j) as “red” and “ball” are generic descriptions.
5) Shapes & Colors (k, l) with Exceptions:
* Shapes dictated by the product’s function or basic colors alone cannot be trademarks.
**Exception:
A uniquely shaped chocolate bar or a brand known for using a specific color combination might be able to register those elements if they have become distinctive over time (Section 123.2).
- Key Takeaways:
- Trademarks should be distinctive and not mislead consumers.
- Respect national symbols, existing trademarks, and avoid generic terms.
- Simple shapes and colors might be registrable if they acquire distinctiveness.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Ownership and Registration – Section 152
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Rights and Limitations of Trademark Owner – Section 147
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Trademark Infringement – Section 155
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Unfair Competition – Section 168
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
B. Trademarks
- Cancellation – Sections 151
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
C. Copyrights
1. Copyrightable Works – Sections 172-173
Understanding Copyrightable Works in the Philippines (RA 1844): A Bar Exam Guide
These sections of RA 1844 (Intellectual Property Code) define what kind of creative works are eligible for copyright protection in the Philippines. Remember “O-M-G, It’s Copyrighted!” for easy recall:
- Originality (Section 172.2):
* The work must be an original creation, meaning it wasn’t copied from something else.
* The level of creativity or quality doesn’t matter; even simple works can be copyrighted.
Example: A student writes a blog post with their unique insights on a current event. The writing itself, even if factually based, can be copyrighted material. - Broad Categories of Copyrightable Works (Section 172.1):
* Literary Works (O): Writings of all kinds (books, articles, poems, scripts, song lyrics, etc.).
* Musical Works (M): Musical compositions with or without lyrics.
* Artistic Works (G): Drawings, paintings, sculptures, photographs, films, architectural designs, etc.
Example (Current Event):
A musician creates a new song with original lyrics and melody. Both the musical composition and the lyrics are copyrightable works. - Derivative Works (Section 173.1):
* These are new works based on pre-existing works, but with enough originality to warrant their own copyright protection.
* Examples include translations, adaptations, and compilations.
Example:
A filmmaker creates a movie based on a famous novel. The movie itself (a derivative work) can be copyrighted, but it won’t infringe on the copyright of the original novel.
- Key Points to Remember:
- Copyright protects the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves.
- Originality is the key - a work needs to be original to be copyrighted.
- Derivative works can be copyrighted as long as they show sufficient creativity beyond the original work.
- Bonus Tip:
Copyright protection arises automatically upon creation; no registration is required. However, registration offers certain advantages in legal disputes.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
C. Copyrights
- Non-Copyrightable Works – Sections 175-176
Not Everything Gets Copyright Protection: A Guide to Non-Copyrightable Works (RA 1844)
These sections of RA 1844 highlight certain ideas and creations that are not eligible for copyright protection in the Philippines. Remember “IP No Go” for these non-copyrightable categories:
- Ideas, Procedures, etc. (Section 175.n):
* Copyright protects the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves.
* You can’t copyright a business concept, a scientific theory, or a method of doing something (e.g., a new exercise routine).
Example (Current Event):
A fitness influencer creates a unique workout program. While the specific exercises and their sequence might not be copyrightable, the creative way they are presented in a video or manual might be. - News and Facts (Section 175.n):
* Factual information, news events, and data are not copyrightable.
Example:
A news report on a recent election cannot be copyrighted, but the original way the report is written and presented might be. - Government Works (Section 176.1):
* Works created by the Philippine government are not copyrightable.
* However, permission might be needed from the government agency to use such works for commercial purposes.
Example:
A government agency publishes a handbook on disaster preparedness. The handbook itself isn’t copyrighted, but you might need permission to reprint and sell copies for profit.
- Key Points to Remember:
- Copyright protects creative expression, not ideas or facts.
- Government works are generally not copyrightable, but permission for commercial use might be required.
- Exceptions exist, such as copyright protection for compilations of government speeches by the author (Section 176.2).
Bonus Tip: This doesn’t mean government works can’t be protected. They might be subject to other forms of intellectual property rights, like trade secrets.
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
C. Copyrights
- Rights Conferred by Copyright – Sections 177 and 193-199
VI. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. No. 8293)
C. Copyrights
4. Ownership of a Copyright – Section 178
Who Owns the Copyright? A Guide to Copyright Ownership (RA 1844)
These sections of RA 1844 clarify who owns the copyright in various creative works. Remember “O-M-G, I Own It!” to remember the key categories:
- Original Works (Section 178.1):
* The general rule - the author (creator) of an original literary or artistic work is the copyright owner.
* This applies to writings, paintings, sculptures, musical compositions, etc.
Example (Current Event):
A singer-songwriter writes and performs a new song. They are the copyright owner of both the music and lyrics (assuming they are the original creator). - Joint Authorship (Section 178.2):
* When two or more people create a work together, they are joint copyright owners.
* Without an agreement, co-owners have equal rights to use and exploit the work.
* If separable parts are created, each author might own the copyright in their specific contribution.
Example:
A team of writers collaborates on a screenplay. They are all joint copyright owners of the screenplay unless they have a written agreement stating otherwise. - Works Created During Employment (Section 178.3):
* Works created by an employee as part of their regular job duties belong to the employer.
* If the work is outside the employee’s regular duties (e.g., a personal project using company resources), the employee owns the copyright.
* An agreement can change ownership regardless of the work type.
Example:
A graphic designer creates social media graphics for their company as part of their job. The copyright belongs to the company. - Commissioned Works (Section 178.4):
* When someone commissions a work (pays to have it created), the person who pays generally owns the finished work (e.g., a painting).
* However, the copyright ownership remains with the creator (artist) unless there’s a written agreement stating otherwise.
Example:
A company commissions a photographer to take product photos for their website. The company owns the photos themselves (to use on their website), but the copyright in the photographs belongs to the photographer (unless there’s a written agreement assigning copyright to the company). - Audiovisual Works (Section 178.5):
* In movies and similar works, copyright is typically shared among several creators, including the producer, screenwriter, composer, director, and author of any adapted material.
* The producer usually has the right to exhibit the work (show it to the public) but may not be able to license the music separately without permission from the composer.
Example:
In a film production, the copyright might be jointly owned by the director, who created the film, the screenwriter who wrote the story, and the composer who created the music. - Letters (Section 178.6):
* The person who writes a letter generally owns the copyright to the content of the letter.
* However, there might be limitations based on the Civil Code (e.g., privacy rights of the recipient).
Example:
A person writes a series of letters to a friend. The writer owns the copyright to the content of those letters.
Key Points to Remember:
* Originality is key - the creator usually owns the copyright.
* Joint authorship, employment situations, and commissioned works require special considerations for copyright ownership.
* Agreements can change ownership rights, so it’s important to have everything in writing.