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Year 2 - Clinical Pathology > Viral and Prion Pathogens > Flashcards

Viral and Prion Pathogens Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what are viruses

A

simple micro-organism not capable of independent existence

require energy and enzymes from host

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2
Q

what are the 4 components that make up a virus

A

genome (RNA or DNA)
Capsid (protein coat)
envelope (lipid bilayer)
(some carry their own enzymes)

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3
Q

what is the 8 step life cycle of a virus

A 
attachment 
entry 
uncoating 
4-6 synthesis 
assembly 
release
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4
Q

what are the classifications of virus

A

genetic material - DNAvsRNA, single vs stranded
single, positive, negative

presence or absence of an envelope

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5
Q

what is the structure of the herpes virus and how many types are there

A

double stranded enveloped DNA virus

herpes simplex 1
herpes simplex 2
varicella zoster 
epstein barr
cytomegalovirus 
6a 
6b 
7 
8
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6
Q

what is the herpes virus characterised by

A

its ability to establish latency and reactivation

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7
Q

what is the difference between simplex 1 and simplex 2 of herpes

A

HSV-1 cold sores - leading cause of encephalitis, high mortality rates

HSV-2 - genital herpes which can be followed by meningitis

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8
Q

what is the exposure difference between HSV 1 and 2

A

1 about 80% have experienced

2 about 10-20 of population

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9
Q

what is the mode of transmission of herpes

A

direct skin, sexual contact, eye contact with fluid vesicle,

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10
Q

describe the latency in HSV-1 vs 2 in sensory neurones

A

1 - trigeminal nerve ganglion hence face outbreak

2 - sacral ganglia hence outbreak on pubis

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11
Q

what are the 4 clinical syndromes associated with herpes

A

ulcers to skin
encephalitis (HSV1)
meningitis (HSV2)
neonatal herpes - give to child which can cause sepsis of child

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12
Q

what is varicella zoster virus

A

type of herpes (3)

chicken pox is primary and reactivation is shingles or herpes zoster

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13
Q

what is the mode of transmission of varicella zoster virus

A

respiratory droplet from person with primary

vesicle fluid with primary or reactivation

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14
Q

what is the latency established by in varicella zoster

A

dorsal root ganglion across CNS as reactivates across the body

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15
Q

what are the clinical syndromes of varicella zoster

A

chicken pox - widespread rash - potential complications of pneumonia, encephalitis

shingles - reactivation causing unilateral vesicles in a dermatomal distribution

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16
Q

what is epstein barr known as

A 
herpes virus (4) 
glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis
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17
Q

what is the mode of transmission of EBV

what is it associated with

A

virus is shed in saliva and genial secretions (kissing disease)

associated with b cell malignancy (abnormal proliferation)

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18
Q

what are the two clinal syndromes associated with EBV

A

primary infection glandular fever - sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, atypical WBC’s - mononucleosis

reactivation - latency in B cells, risk for immunocompromised - lymphoproliferative disorder

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19
Q

what CMV and what is the mode of transmission

A

CMV - cytomegalovirus - herpes virus (5)

salvia or genital secretions
donated blood, stem cells or organs

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20
Q

what is the latency associated with in CMV

A

monocytes, dendritic cells and myeloid progenitors

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21
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of CMV

A

infectious mononucleosis

congenital CMV - produce babies with retinitis, deafness, microcephaly, cause distinct rash

immunosuppressed transplant recipients

people with advanced HIV - reactivation of latent CMV causing colitis

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22
Q

what is rhino virus - mode of transmission and clinical aspects

A

respiratory virus
common cold
aerosolised respiratory secretions and droplets from nose and eyes
symptoms - sneezing, nasal obstruction, sore throat, cough, headache, fever

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23
Q

what is respiratory syncytial virus, epidemiology, transmission and clinical aspects

A

RSV
comments in young children, mainly occurs in winter
aerosolised in respiratory secretions
bronchiolitis - affects children under 2 - inflammation of small airways - cough, wheeze, hypoxia and fever

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24
Q

what is the epidemiology of HIV and mode of transmission

Study These Flashcards
A

36.7 mil global - 70% sub-saharan
about 0.25% of uk

virus present in blood, genital secretions
breast milk
ie transmitted vertically, sexually and needlestick

25
what is the clinical course of HIV
targets helper T lymphocytes (CD4) 2-6 weeks after transmission patent develop acute seroconversion illness ie fever sore throat and lymphadenopathy can have asymptomatic chronic infection
26
when does HIV become AIDS and how can this be fatal
increase in viral load and fall in CD4 where patient can be killed by opportunistic infections: TB, pneumonia, meningitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis
27
what are the 5 hepatitis viruses and what are the two classes they are split into
face-oral: Hep A/E Blood borne: Hep B/C Hep D but defective and can only survive with Hep B
28
what is the epidemiology of Hep A compared to E
A: mainly children under 5 in endemic countries E: mainly young adults, asia and africa geno 1 and 2 = water geno 3 associated with pigs and meat (pork)
29
what is the mode of transmission of Hep A and Hep E
face-oral virus - virus shed in faeces of infected individual
30
what are the clinical symptoms of hep A and E
nausea, myalgia, arthralgia, fevers | jaundice and right upper quadrant pain
31
what are the symptomatic populations of hep A vs E
A: infection in children is sally asymptomatic but 50% adults show symptoms E: majority asymptomatic and only show in 2-5%
32
what are special considerations of Hep A and E
A: associated with lower socio-economic groups, returning tourists and MSM E: high mortality in pregnant women (25%) more severe in older males with liver disease
33
what is the epidemiology and mode of transmission of Hep B
more than 500,000 deaths annually | vertical, sexual and parenteral transmission
34
what is the clinical course of Hep B
acute clinical hepatitis 90% children and 50% young adults are asymp Hep B is cleared or chronic the older you are when you acquire it the less likely it will turn chronic chronic hep = cirrhosis = heptocellular carcinoma acute hep doesn't cause long term damage
35
what is the epidemiology and mode of transmission of Hep C
170 mil infected, causes highest % of carcinomas low prevalence in developed countries IVDU (drug users), needlestick injuries, transfusion vertical and sexual transmission but less common
36
what are the important clinical aspects of Hep C
after transmission about 25% develop acute clinal hepatitis | 15% clear but most become chronic which then causes cirrhosis and hepatocellulr carcinoma
37
what is norwalk virus
norovirus - ssRNA virus (positive sense singleton's stranded)
38
what is the epidemiology of norwalk virus and mode of transmission with its main clinical aspect
common - 90% infected at some point, short lived immunity less than a year and associated with point-source outbreaks ingestion/inhalation of aerosolised vomit particles vomiting is dominant feature
39
what is rotavirus
dsRNA - looks like wheel on election microscope
40
what is the epidemiology of rota virus and mode of transmission with its main clinical aspect
childhood virus 1-3 y/o major cause of infant mortality in developing world face-oral aerosolised in water and food fever, vomiting, watery diarrhoea
41
what are enteroviruses - give examples
more than 70 types it replicate sin the GI tract but no GI symptoms poliovirus, coxsackie A and B, enterovirus and echoviruses
42
what is the epidemiology and mode of transmission of enteroviruses
worldwide, peak in sumer, 75% in 15 y/o or under, 90% asymp or mild symp
43
what is the mode of transmission of enertoviruses and pathogenesis
energetic route, feaco-oral, contaminated food/water replicate in GI but no GI symptoms from gut to lymph nodes to blood - vireamia
44
what are the clinical symptoms of enteroviruses and give specific examples
fever-rash, hand, foot, mouth, cold symps, meningitis (most cases of men are caused by entero) encephalitis herpangina - Cox A Pericarditis - Cox B
45
what is the epidemiology and transmission of mumps
childhood infection peaking in winter virus shed in saliva and respiratory secretions via droplet transmission
46
what are the three clinical aspects associated with mumps
acute parotitis - inflammation of parotid glands orchitis - inflammation of testicles (20-30% of males) meningitis occurs in about 15% which can lead to deafness
47
what is the epidemiology and mode of transmission of measles
occurs in unvaccinated children | droplet transmission, highly infectious (still present in environment after 2 hours)
48
what are the 3 clinical aspects of measles
primary - fever, cough, conjunctivitis, kopliks spots on inside of cheek maculopapular rash acute post infection encephalitis 1:1000 - high mortality, immune mediated - 7-10 days after infection subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis - 7-10 years after infection, progressive and fatal
49
what is the epidemiology of measles and mode of transmission
german measles - vaccinated but previously common | droplet transmission - respiratory
50
what are the 3 clinical aspects of measles
primary postnatal rubella: mild illness, rash, fever, arthritis occurs in 30% adults congenital rubella: triad: bilateral cataracts, sensorineural deafness and microcephaly (similar to CMV) foetal malformation is highest in first 12 weeks preg
51
what is parvovirus B19, epidemiology and mode of transmission
slapped cheek syndrome, fifth disease later winter, early summer, 50% infected by 15, 90% by 90 droplet, respiratory
52
what is the specific pathology of parvovirus B19
infects and destroys erythrocyte progenitors cells causing transient anaemia
53
what are the clinical aspects of parvovirus B19
erythema infectosium - fever, fiery red rash on cheeks transient aplastic crisis - affects those with high RBC turnover such as sickle cells dyspnoea, confusion infection in pregnancy - 7-10 % foetal loss, hydrops fettalis (severe fetal anaemia, ascites)
54
what is a prion
small infectious pathogen containing protein but not nucleic acid
55
where do we normally find prions
in natural cells, gene mutation leads to changes in folding pattern which becomes resistant to protease enzyme, accumulates and becomes pathogenic
56
what are the two types of abnormal prions
inherited (genetic) or transmitted by infected meat/ material
57
what properties are shared by human prion diseases
pathologic manifestations confined largely to CNS produce spongiform change in brain tissue long incubation times progressive and fatal
58
what is new variant CJD
nvCJD - sopradic cruz felt jacobs disease - rare, 1 in mil | progressive ataxia, depression dementia and death
59
what is nvCJD linked to
BSE - bovine spongiform encephalopathy - same structure prion - consumption of infected beef

Year 2 - Clinical Pathology (67 decks)

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