VIRAL INFECTIONS

Answer 1

Viral Hepatitis
HIV
Dengue
Herpes Virus infections: infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus

Question 2

Submicroscopic particle (size is measured in nanometers)

Answer 2

VIRUSES

Question 3

VIRUSES

Demonstrated using (?) (compound for bacteria)

Answer 3

electron microscope

Question 4

VIRUSES Basic Structure:

Answer 4

core of DNA or RNA

Question 5

DNA or RNA is packed in (?) and some virus’s capsid is surrounded by outer envelope such as (?)

Answer 5

protein coat or capsid

glycolipids and proteins.

Question 6

Intracellular pathogens

Answer 6

VIRUSES

Question 7

They are going to rely on (?) for replication and survival.

Answer 7

host cells

Question 8

No host =

Answer 8

dormant

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First line of protection (nonspecific immunity)

Answer 9

INNATE IMMUNITY

Question 10

(virus-infected cells; produced in the recognition of TLRs)

Answer 10

Interferon-a and Interferon-b

Question 11

Inhibits viral replication

Answer 11

INNATE IMMUNITY

Question 12

Inhibits viral replication

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INNATE IMMUNITY

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HUMORAL DEFENSE
– primary cells involved

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B cells and plasma cells

Question 14

Produces virus specific antibodies

Answer 14

HUMORAL DEFENSE

Question 15

Ab prevents spread of viral replication through neutralization

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HUMORAL DEFENSE

Question 16

: promotes phagocytosis thru opsonization

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IgG

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: Agglutinates viral particles

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IgM

Question 18

Upon activation of (?), CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) become programmed to expand in number and attack the virus-infected cells.

Answer 18

CD4+ T helper cells and cytokines

Question 19

produce proteins and proteases

Answer 19

Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

Question 20

proteases

Answer 20

Perforinm
Granzymes

Question 21

• pore forming protein; create a pore in the membrane of the host cell

Answer 21

Perforin

Question 22

• they will now enter the pore and will activate apoptosis

Answer 22

Granzymes

Question 23

CELLULAR DEFENSE

Increase (?) its original number

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50,000 times

Question 24

STRATEGIES ON HOW VIRUSES ESCAPES IMMUNE MECHANISMS

Answer 24

They undergo frequent genetic mutations

Some viruses can evade actions of the component of the immune response

Viruses can evade the hosts defense by suppressing the immune system

Question 25

– not recognized immediately by initial immune response

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Produces new viral antigens

Question 26

LABORATORY TESTING FOR VIRAL INFECTION

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Virus specific IgM antibodies IgG antibodies to the virus

Question 27

Indicates current or recent infection or acute infection

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Virus specific IgM antibodies

Question 28

Specific IgM antibody in newborns indicates (?) with virus

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congenital infection

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Indicates current or past infection and in most cases immunity

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IgG antibodies to the virus

Question 30

IgG antibodies in newborns are mainly (?)

Answer 30

maternal antibodies

Question 31

can cross the placenta; thus normal

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IgG

Question 32

infects the host cell by attaching to specific receptors in their target cells

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Virion

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It penetrates the

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cell membrane

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Release of

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nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

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directs the host cell machinery to produce more viral nucleic acid and proteins

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nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)

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assemble inside the cell to form the intact virus, which is released thru (?) of the cell surface

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cell lysis or budding

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Viruses destroy the cells leading to

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decreased cell count

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Target cell:

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CD4 T cells

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By inducing transcription of several genes that will code for proteins w/ antiviral activity

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Inhibits viral replication

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Binds virus-infected cells and release cytotoxic proteins like perforin (substance that create pores) and granzymes

Answer 40

Enhances activity of NK cells

Question 41

antibodies specific for a component of the virus that binds to a receptor on the host cell membrane will bind to the virus and prevent it from attaching to and penetrating the cell

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Produces virus specific antibodies

Question 42

antibodies neutralize viruses in the mucosal surfaces

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Secretory IgA

Question 43

can bind to viruses in the bloodstream and inhibit dissemination of the infection.

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IgM and IgG antibodies

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promote phagocytosis of viruses through their opsonizing activity

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IgG antibodies

Question 45

can also inactivate viral particles by agglutinating them.

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IgM antibodies

Question 46

also activate complement

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IgG and IgM antibodies

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leading to elimination of intracellular viruses required for replication

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Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

Question 48

Ex. Covid-19  Frequently undergo genetic mutation due to presence of nucleic acids  Production of new viral antigens that are not recognized immediately by the innate immune response

Answer 48

They undergo frequent genetic mutations

Question 49

Some viruses can evade actions of the component of the immune response can block the degradation of viral RNA that is induced by interferons.

Answer 49

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Question 50

Viruses can evade the hosts defense by suppressing the immune system Can reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecule on the surface of virus infected cells making them less likely to be recognized by B cells

Answer 50

cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus

Question 51

LABORATORY TESTING FOR VIRAL INFECTION

Answer 51

Serologic testing Molecular assays

Question 52

– monitors the course of infection, detects past infection, can assess immune status

Answer 52

Serologic testing